Table 1.

Contaminants’ concentration in soil, runoff and groundwater due to open dumping in eight case studies, compared with international standard of soil contamination limits and drinking water.

Ref.	City/Region	Country	Environment Polluted	Pollutant	Concentrations	Limits
[48]	Chennai city	India	Soil (mg kg−1)	Zn	0.27–0.48	50
				Cu	3.78–0.59	100
				Fe
[50]	Tiruchirappalli	India	Soil (mg kg−1)	Mn	171.16	500
				Pb	291.3>	50
				Cd	47.7>	4
[51]	Havana	Cuba	Soil (mg kg−1)	Cobalt	8.4	20
				Ni	50>	30
				Cu	252>	100
				Zn	489>	50
				Pb	276>	50
[52]	Uyo	Nigeria	Soil (mg kg−1)	Pb	9.9–11.8	50
				Zn	137–146>	50
				Ni	11.8–12.6	30
				Cr	3.6–4.1>	1
				Cd	9.05–12.2>	4
				Mn	91.2–94	500
[49]	Nonthaburi	Thailand	Runoff (mg L−1)	Mn	0.49>	0.4
				Cr	0.99>	0.05
				Cd	0.01>	0.003
				Pb	0.1>	0.01
				Ni	0.5>	0.07
				Zn	1.32	4
				Cu	0.63	2
				Hg	0.95>	0.002
[50]	Tiruchirappalli	India	Groundwater (mg L−1)	Cd	0.16–1.04>	0.003
				Cu	0.6–2.7	2
				Mn	0.2–1.8>	0.4
				Pb	0.8–5.1>	0.01
[53]	Mexicali	Mexico	Groundwater (mg L−1)	BOD5	4.3–6.5	20 *
				COD	23.5–188>	120 *
				Na	600>	200
				SO4-	1000>	300
[54]	Sepang	Malaysia	Groundwater (mg L−1)	BOD5	128–142>	120
				COD	2698–2891>	120
				Cl	123.8–127.7>	5
				Ni	0.44–0.65>	0.07
				As	0.06–0.07>	0.01
				Pb	0.04–0.08>	0.01
[55]	Alexandria(Landfill)	Egypt	Groundwater (mg L−1)	Ni	0.007–0.152	0.07
				Pb	0.002–0.009	0.01
				Cr	0.006–0.058>	0.05
				Mn	0.039–0.673>	0.4
				Cd	0.001–0.051>	0.003
				Zn	0.001–0.343	4

Note: Soil contamination limits [56], Drinking water limits [57], * water release after wastewater treatment.