Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, and differences between individuals frequently and infrequently or not participating in the home-based exercise program.
| All Participants (n = 238) | Total Frequent and Infrequent or Nonparticipation (n = 195) | Frequent Participation (n = 102) | Infrequent or Nonparticipation (n = 93) | Difference between Frequent and Infrequent or Nonparticipation * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value |
| Female | 169 (71) | 140 (72) | 76 (75) | 64 (69) | 0.38 |
| Age—mean ± SD | 81.1 ± 6.7 | 80.9 ± 6.6 | 80.6 ± 6.4 | 81.3 ± 6.8 | 0.46 |
| Living alone | 151 (63) | 124 (64) | 66 (65) | 58 (62) | 0.73 |
| Education | |||||
| low | 70 (29) | 53 (27) | 24 (24) | 29 (31) | 0.23 |
| middle | 130 (55) | 108 (55) | 56 (55) | 52 (56) | 0.89 |
| high | 38 (16) | 34 (17) | 22 (22) | 12 (13) | 0.11 |
| Health-related outcomes | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | p-value |
| Quality of life (EQ-5D + cognition) 1 | 0.64 ± 0.24 | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.70 ± 0.23 | 0.60 ± 0.24 | 0.00 |
| Elevated fall risk—n (%) | 161 (69) a | 133 (69) d | 65 (64) g | 68 (75) i | 0.12 |
| Mobility (TUG) in seconds | 17.0 ± 9.1 b | 16.9 ± 8.9 e | 16.2 ± 7.9 h | 17.6 ± 10.0 j | 0.29 |
| Concern about falling (Short FES-I) | 9.8 ± 4.0 | 9.8 ± 3.9 | 9.9 ± 3.6 | 9.7 ± 4.1 | 0.77 |
| Self-management (SMAS-S) 2 | 59.3 ± 16.2 c | 60.1 ± 16.0 f | 63.8 ± 14.9 | 56.1 ± 16.3 k | 0.00 |
| General health (SF-20) 3 | |||||
| physical functioning | 45.1 ± 31.7 c | 45.1 ± 31.6 f | 50.2 ± 32.0 | 39.5 ± 30.2 k | 0.02 |
| role functioning | 28.8 ± 41.4 | 29.2 ± 41.1 | 34.3 ± 43.9 | 23.7 ± 37.3 | 0.07 |
| social functioning | 72.5 ± 34.0 | 74.5 ± 32.7 | 76.3 ± 32.5 | 72.5 ± 33.0 | 0.42 |
| mental health | 73.0 ± 20.7 c | 73.2 ± 20.8 f | 74.1 ± 20.8 g | 72.3 ± 20.7 | 0.55 |
| current health perceptions | 46.4 ± 21.1 c | 46.9 ± 21.1 f | 47.1 ± 20.5 | 46.7 ± 21.9 k | 0.89 |
| pain | 33.0 ± 27.6 | 31.9 ± 27.8 | 35.8 ± 27.1 | 27.7 ± 27.9 | 0.04 |
SD: Standard deviation; 1: Mean scores range from 0 (death) to 1 (full health); 2: Scores range from 0–100, a higher score means better self-management abilities; 3: Scores range from 0–100, a higher score means better functioning, and for pain, a higher score means a higher degree of pain; a: n = 235; b: n = 217, as twenty-one participants were not able to do the test; c: n = 237; d n = 192; e n = 178, as seventeen participants were not able to do the test; f n = 194; g n = 101; h n = 96, as six participants were not able to do the test; i n = 91; j n = 82, as eleven participants were not able to do the test; k n = 92; *: Independent samples t-test for continuous variables, Chi-squared test for dichotomous variables. A p-value < 0.05 is considered a statistically significant difference.