Table 2.

Synthetic, herbal, and animal source inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

No.	Ligand	Features	Source	Function	Citation
1.	Benazepril	97% protein binding, a half-life of 10–11 h, pregnancy category: D	Synthetic	Cures hypertension	[41]
2.	Captopril	25–30% protein binding, a half-life of 2 h, pregnancy category: D	Synthetic	Controls blood pressure	[42]
3.	Cilazapril	A half-life of 1 to 4 h	Synthetic	ACE inhibition	[43]
4.	Lisinopril	Pregnancy category: D, does not bind serum proteins other than ACE	Synthetic	Inhibition of ACE	[44]
5.	Moexipril	Pregnancy category: D, <90% protein binding and 1 h half-life	Synthetic	Treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure	[45]
6.	Trandolapril	Half-life 6 to 10 h, pregnancy category: D	Synthetic	Controls high blood pressure	[46]
7.	Enalapril	Pregnancy category: D, half-life of 11 h	Synthetic	ACE inhibition to control hypertension	[47]
8.	Fosinopril	12 h half-life, pregnancy category: D, ≥95% protein-binding capacity	Synthetic	Normalizes blood pressure	[48]
9.	Perindopril	20% protein binding, pregnancy category: D and 1–2 h half life	Synthetic	Controls blood pressure	[49]
10.	Quinapril	97% protein binding, 2 h biological half-life, pregnancy category: D	Synthetic	Inhibition of ACE	[50]
11.	Ramipril	Protein binding 73% (ramipril), 56% (ramiprilat), half-life of 2–4 h	Synthetic	Congestive heart failure control	[51]
12.	Allicin	Has water solubility of 24 mg/mL at 10 °C, solid, melting point >25 °C	Garlic and onion	Inhibition of ACE	[52]
13.	Teprotide	Has 10 hydrogen bond donors, 13 hydrogen bond acceptors, and 79 heavy atoms	Snake venom	Antihypertensive agent	[53]