Table 2.
Overview of vaccine candidates which have undergone preclinical testing in calves.
| Vaccine Candidate | Category | Antigen/Adjuvant | Host Species and Current Testing Phase a | Immunization Route | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PanAd3-RSV prime/MVA-RSV boost | Vector | N, M2, F; no adjuvant | bovine | IM b/IM or IN c/IM | [146] |
| N, M2, F; no adjuvant | Human (Phase I) | IM/IM or IN/IM | [147] | ||
| MVA-BN | Vector | F, G, N, M2; no adjuvant | Human (Phase II) | IM | [137] |
| SH gene deletion | Live-attenuated | All native genes except SH | bovine | IN/IT d IN |
[74] [39] |
| Medi559: Gene-deletion for SH plus additional point mutations | Human (Phase IIa) | IN | [148,149] | ||
| RSVcps2: Similar to Medi559 with additional stabilizing mutations | Human (Phase I) | IN | [150] | ||
| Pre-F | Subunit | Pre-F with Montanide ISA71 adjuvant | bovine | IM | [93,151] |
| Pre-F, no adjuvant | bovine | IM | [94] | ||
| Pre-F with Poly(I:C) adjuvant | Macaques | IM | [152] | ||
| Pre-F with alum | Human (Phase II) | IM | [153] | ||
| PLGA encapsulating post-F and G | Nanoparticle | Post-F and G encapsulated in PLGA, no additional adjuvant | bovine | IN | [154] |
| BRSV-F/G Nanovaccine | Nanoparticle | Post-F and G encapsulated in CPH:CPTEG particle, no additional adjuvant | bovine | IN | [89] |
| N nanorings (NSRS) | Nanoparticle | NSRS with Montanide ISA71 adjuvant | bovine | IM | [155] |
| NSRS with Montanide IMS4132 adjuvant | bovine | IN | [155] | ||
| RSV F nanoparticle | Nanoparticle | Near-full-length F (pre-F conformation) with aluminum hydroxide | Human (Phase III: infants via maternal immunization) | IM | [156,157,158] |
a Preclinical testing in rodents is not captured. b IM: intramuscular; c IN: intranasal; d intratracheal.