Table 1.

Study Characteristics.

	Citation	Location	Study Period	Wildfire Event	Study Design	Age	Visit Types	Health Outcomes	ICD-9 Codes	Effect Modifiers	Referent	Lags	Exposure Contrast
1	Alman et al. (2016) [30]	Colorado	26 March–10 July 2012	Statewide forest wildfire complex	Case crossover	all ages	ED and hospital admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, bronchitis, COPD, pneumonia, upper respiratory infection	460–66, 480–88, 490–92, 496, 493–786.07, 460–5, 466.0, 466.1, 466.11, 466.19	(1) age (0–18, 19–64, 65+)	grid-specific nonexposure	0, 0–1, 0–1–2	5 µg/m3
2	Delfino 2008 [31]	Southern California	2003	Region-wide forest wildfire complex	Time series	all ages	Hospital admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, bronchitis & bronchiolitis, COPD, pneumonia, upper respiratory infection	493, 466, 491–92, 496, 480–87, 460–65	(1) age (0–4, 5–19, 20–64, 65–99; COPD: 20–64, 65–99); (2) sex [not for all categories]	Prewildfire (compared to during and post)	0–1	10 µg/m3
3	Gan et al. (2017) [23]	WA State	1 July–31 October 2012	Statewide forest wildfire complex	"Time-stratified case crossover"	all ages	ED and hospital admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, bronchitis, COPD, pneumonia	460–519, 480–86, 466	(1) age (<15, 15+, 15–65); (2) sex	Subject-specific nonexposure	none, 0, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5	10 µg/m3
4	Hutchinson et al. (2018) [32]	Southern California	22 October–5 November 2007	Region-wide forest wildfire complex	Case crossover	all ages	ED and hospital admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory infection	277, 460–64, 466, 480–87, 490–96, 506, 508, 786	(1) age (0–1, 2–4, 0–4, 5–17, 18–64)	Non-smoke exposed times; subject-specific nonexposure	none	10 µg/m3
5	Liu et al. (2017a) [33]	Western USA	2004–2009	Region-wide forest wildfire complex	Ecological	65+	Hospital admissions	All respiratory conditions	490–492, 464–466, 480–487	(1) age (65+, 65–74, 85+), (2) sex, (3) region (urban, rural, CA, NW, SW, Rocky Mountain), (4) education (>20%, <20% with bachelor degree), race (white, black, other), (5) poverty (<10%, 10–15%, 15%+)	Non-smoke exposed times	none	none
6	Rappold et al. (2011) [25]	North Carolina	1 June–14 July 2008	Peat wildfire in Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge	Ecological	all ages	ED admissions	All respiratory conditions	465, 466, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 493	(1) age (all, 65+, <65); (2) sex; (3) region	Non-smoke exposed areas	0–5	none
7	Rappold et al. (2012) [24]	North Carolina	1 June–14 July 2008	Peat wildfire in Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge	Time series	18+	ED admissions	Asthma	428, 493	(1) health behaviors (tobacco use, diet/exercise, alcohol use, unsafe sex); (2) clinical care (access to care, quality of care); (3) SES (education, employment, income, family & social support, community safety); (4) physical environment (environmental quality, built environment)	Non-smoke exposed areas	0, 1, 0–1	100 µg/m3
8	Reid et al. (2016) [26]	Northern California	2008	Large wildfire complex	Time series	all ages	ED and hospital admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, COPD, pneumonia	493	(1) age (<20, 20–64, 65+); (2) sex; (3) race; (4) median income; (5) percent of the population with less than a high school diploma; (6) percent of owner–occupied housing units	Prewildfire (compared to during and post)	0–1,0–2	5 µg/m3
9	Resnick et al. (2013) [34]	Albuquerque, New Mexico	2011	Wallow Fire forest wildfire	Time series	all ages	ED admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, other diseases of respiratory system	460–519	(1) age (0–19, 20–64, 73+)	Prewildfire (compared to during and post)	none	10 µg/m3
10	Tinling et al. (2016) [35]	North Carolina	5 May 5–15 June 2011	Pains Bay peat wildfire	Time series	all ages	ED admissions	All respiratory conditions, asthma, COPD, upper respiratory infection, other chest/respiratory symptoms	786	(1) age (<18, 18–64, 18+, 65+); (2) sex	Non-smoke exposed times	0–2	10 µg/m3

ICD: International Classification of Disease; ED: Emergency Department; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; SES: Socioeconomic Status.