. 2019 Mar 19;16(6):986. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16060986

Table 3.

Moderation results assessing group walks in nature, recent stressful life events, and the interaction term on perceived stress, depression, negative affect, positive affect, and mental wellbeing. Main sample (n = 1506 ^a).

	Perceived Stress			Depression ¹			Negative Affect ²			Positive Affect			Mental Well-Being
Final Step	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
Baseline outcome	0.49	0.02	0.46 ***	0.02	0.001	0.43 ***	0.52	0.02	0.52 ***	0.43	0.02	0.42 ***	0.48	0.02	0.50 ***
Recent physical activity ^b	−0.05	0.06	−0.01	−0.01	0.003	−0.06 **	−0.08	0.05	−0.03	0.44	0.07	0.11 ***	0.24	0.07	0.06 **
Resiliency	−0.32	0.02	−0.31 ***	−0.01	0.001	−0.22 ***	−0.16	0.02	−0.20 ***	0.36	0.03	0.30 ***	0.35	0.03	0.28 ***
Connectedness to nature	−0.02	0.02	−0.02	−0.001	0.001	−0.02	−0.02	0.01	−0.03	0.09	0.02	0.10 ***	0.05	0.02	0.05 **
Recent stressful life event ^c	1.73	0.23	0.13 ***	0.07	0.01	0.11 ***	1.20	0.20	0.11 ***	−0.86	0.27	−0.06 ***	−0.66	0.27	−0.04 **
Group walks in nature ^d	−1.14	0.26	−0.08 ***	−0.08	0.02	−0.11 ***	−0.62	0.23	−0.05 **	1.78	0.30	0.11 ***	1.17	0.30	0.07 ***
Recent stressful life event × group walks in nature	−0.28	0.51	−0.01	0.02	0.03	0.02	−0.04	0.45	−0.002	−0.04	0.59	−0.001	0.66	0.60	0.02
R² for Step 1	0.52 ***			0.38 ***			0.44 ***			0.51 ***			0.56 ***
Change R²	0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.01 ***

Note: The final step is shown. In all regression analyses, baseline outcome, recent physical activity, resiliency, and connectedness to nature were entered in the first step. Recent stressful life events, group walks in nature, and the interaction term were entered in the second step with the enter method. All analyses were controlled for age, gender, and health condition, prior to the first WfH walk. Recent stressful life events and group walks in nature were centered at their means. Higher scores indicated greater perceived stress, depression, negative affect, positive affect, or mental well-being. ^a Propensity-matched sample; analysis weighted by propensity score weight. ^b Physical activity in the previous week. ^c Recent stressful life events experienced in the previous three months: 0 = No stressful life events, 1 = One or more stressful life events. ^d Group walk participation: 0 = Non-group Walkers, 1 = Nature Group Walkers. ¹ Log-transformed data. ² Untransformed results are reported, as results for the untransformed data were very similar to the log-transformed data. B, standardized coefficient; SE, standard error; β, standardized coefficient. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001.