. 2019 Mar 19;16(6):986. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16060986

Table 4.

A main effects model assessing the effect of group walks in nature and recent stressful life events on perceived stress, depression, negative affect, positive affect, and mental well-being. Main sample (n = 1506 ^a).

	Perceived Stress			Depression ¹			Negative Affect ²			Positive Affect			Mental Well-Being
Final Step	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
Baseline outcome	0.49	0.02	0.46 ***	0.48	0.02	0.50 ***	0.52	0.02	0.52 ***	0.43	0.02	0.42 ***	0.48	0.02	0.50 ***
Recent physical activity ^b	−0.05	0.06	−0.01	−0.01	0.003	−0.06 **	−0.08	0.05	−0.03	0.44	0.07	0.11 ***	0.24	0.07	0.06 **
Resiliency	−0.32	0.02	−0.31 ***	−0.01	0.001	−0.20 ***	−0.16	0.02	−0.20 ***	0.36	0.03	0.30 ***	0.35	0.03	0.28 ***
Connectedness to nature	−0.02	0.02	−0.02	−0.001	0.001	−0.04	−0.02	0.01	−0.03	0.09	0.02	0.09 ***	0.05	0.02	0.05 **
Recent stressful life event ^c	1.73	0.23	0.13 ***	0.07	0.01	0.10 ***	1.20	0.20	0.11 ***	−0.86	0.27	−0.06 ***	−0.66	0.27	−0.04 **
Group walks in nature ^d	−1.14	0.26	−0.08 ***	−0.08	0.02	−0.12 ***	−0.62	0.23	−0.05 **	1.78	0.30	0.11 ***	1.17	0.30	0.07 ***
R² for Step 1	0.52 ***			0.44 ***			0.44 ***			0.51 ***			0.56 ***
Change R²	0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.01 ***

Note. Final step shown. In all regression analyses, baseline outcome, recent physical activity, resiliency, and connectedness to nature were entered in the first step. Recent stressful life events and group walks in nature were entered in the second step with the enter method. All analyses controlled for age, gender, and health condition prior to the first WfH walk. Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, depression, negative affect, positive affect, or mental well-being. ^a Propensity-matched sample; analysis weighted by the propensity score weight. ^b Physical activity in the previous week. ^c Recent stressful life events experienced in the previous 3 months: 0 = No stressful life events, 1 = One or more stressful life events. ^d Group walk participation: 0 = Non-group Walkers, 1 = Nature Group Walkers. ¹ Log-transformed data. ² Untransformed results are reported, as results for the untransformed data were similar to the log-transformed data. B, standardized coefficient; SE, standard error; β, standardized coefficient. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001.