. 2019 Mar 19;16(6):986. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16060986

Table 6.

Main effects model assessing frequent group walks in nature and recent stressful life events on perceived stress, depression, negative affect, positive affect, and mental well-being. Frequent Nature Group Walkers Subsample ^a (n = 930 ^b).

	Perceived Stress			Depression ¹			Negative Affect ¹			Positive Affect			Mental Well-Being
Final Step	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
Baseline outcome	0.44	0.03	0.42 ***	0.51	0.03	0.53 ***	0.51	0.03	0.54 ***	0.53	0.03	0.50 ***	0.47	0.03	0.49 ***
Recent physical activity ^c	−0.10	0.08	−0.03	−0.22	0.08	−0.06 **	−0.11	0.07	−0.04	0.39	0.09	0.10 ***	0.21	0.09	0.05 *
Resiliency	−0.34	0.03	−0.34 ***	−0.20	0.03	−0.20 ***	−0.17	0.02	−0.20 ***	0.31	0.03	0.26 ***	0.40	0.04	0.31 ***
Recent stressful life event ^d	1.86	0.30	0.14 ***	1.27	0.31	0.10 ***	1.20	0.25	0.12 ***	−0.84	0.34	−0.05 *	−0.65	0.35	−0.04
Frequent group walks in nature ^e	−1.26	0.32	−0.09 ***	−1.60	0.34	−0.12 ***	−0.72	0.27	−0.07 **	2.42	0.37	0.15 ***	1.54	0.38	0.09 ***
R² for Step 1	0.52 ***			0.48 ***			0.49 ***			0.53 ***			0.57 ***
Change R²	0.03 ***			0.02 ***			0.02 ***			0.03 ***			0.01 ***

Note. The final step is shown. In all regression analyses, the baseline outcome, recent physical activity, and resiliency were entered in the first step. Recent stressful life events and frequent group walks in nature were entered in the second step, with the enter method. All analyses controlled for age and gender. Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, depression, negative affect, positive affect, or mental well-being. ^a The Frequent Nature Group Walkers subsample consists of participants from the main sample who attended a group walk in the natural environment at least once per week in the previous three months. ^b Propensity-matched sample; analysis weighted by propensity score weight. ^c Physical activity in the previous week. ^d Recent stressful life events experienced in the previous three months: 0 = No stressful life events, 1 = One or more stressful life events. ^e Frequent Group walk participation: 0 = Non-group Walkers, 1 = Frequent Nature Group Walkers. ¹ Untransformed results are reported, as results for the untransformed data were similar to the log-transformed data. B, standardized coefficient; SE, standard error; β, standardized coefficient. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.0001.