Table 2.

Main characteristics and results of identified studies on distributive justice in industrially contaminated sites, 2010–2017.

Ref.	Type of Contamination	Country	National/Local	Study Design and Analysis	Unit of Analysis	Exposure Assessment	Socioeconomic Characteristics/Social Dimensions
[30]	Soil metal content, air pollution	Scotland.	Local (Glasgow)	Small-area study Bivariate analysis: Person’s correlation coefficient	Aggregated level: areas including 4000 households (Intermediate Geography Zone)	Level of heavy metals in soil and concentration of NO2 and PM10 in air. Index of pollution at area level	Index of multiple deprivation composed by six domains: education, employment, housing, income, access to services, crime
Results on environmental inequalities: Strong positive correlation between growing level of deprivation and poor land and air quality.
Results on health inequalities: Positive correlation between Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) for respiratory diseases and soil and air pollution and growing level of deprivation. Significant negative association between least deprived categories and SIR for respiratory diseases.
[34]	coalfield areas	England	National	Cross-sectional Data on health outcomes and confounders at individual level, data on socioeconomic variables both at individual and area level (contextual) Multivariate analysis: multilevel logistic models	Individual level: annual representative cross-sectional survey of the English population	Living in a former coalfield area	Individual level: marital status, economic activity, occupation and social class Contextual level: Index of Multiple deprivation and index of social cohesion
Results on environmental inequalities: All analysis includes the assessment on health (see column ‘results on health inequalities’).
Results on health inequalities: Higher odds of reporting less than good health among economically inactive individuals living in coalfield areas in comparison to the same group living in non-coalfield areas. Significant social health inequalities between people living in former coalfield communities are similar to those observed in non-coalfield areas.
[35]	coalfield areas	Czech Republic	National	Ecological study Bivariate analysis: Person’s correlation coefficient	Aggregated level: districts (NUTS4)	Presence of coal power plants	Socioeconomic variables associated with the domains of life quality, labor market, social capital, and social cohesion
Results on environmental inequalities: Positive correlation between the presence of coal power plants and coal mining and unemployment rate and concentration of ethnic minorities. Negative correlation with average incomes and pensions and level of education.
Results on health inequalities: Association between the presence of coal power plants and coal mining and higher rates of abortion, higher infant mortality, and lower male life expectancy.
[33]	Industrial pollution	Germany	Local (Hanburg)	Small-area study Bivariate: Person’s correlation coefficient Multivariate analysis: Ordinary Least Squared model	Aggregated level: neighborhood	Location of industrial facilities	Proportion of foreigners and population receiving public assistance
Results on environmental inequalities: Toxic release facilities are disproportionately concentrated in, and nearby, neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of foreigners and population receiving public assistance.
[32]	Industrial pollution	Germany	National	Small-area study Multivariate analysis: Ordinary Least Squared model and Spatial Model (SLX)	Aggregated level: areas containing an average of 778 inhabitants	Location of industrial facilities and categorization of their emissions	Proportion of foreigners and vacant houses; living spaces
Results on environmental inequalities: High correlation between percentage of foreigners and exposure to industrial pollution. Population density of the surrounding area is a significant predictor of pollution only in urban areas. The percentage of vacant houses correlates with pollution only in rural areas
[39]	Industrial pollution	France	Local (Franche-Comte’ region)	Small-area study Multivariate analysis: Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression	Aggregated level: areas with a mean population of 569 (IRISes)	Location of industrial facilities (areas whose borders intersected circles with a radius of 2 km from industrial facilities)	Index of multiple deprivation composed by four domains: unemployment, house ownership, car ownership, overcrowding Persons born abroad
Results on environmental inequalities: Noxious facilities are disproportionately located in higher foreign-born communities after controlling for deprivation, population density and rural/urban status. High deprivation also appears as apredictive factor, although less strongly and less consistently.
[36]	Incinerators	France	National	Ecological study Descriptive analysis Multivariate analysis: Spatial logistic regression	Aggregated level: communes	Presence or absence of an incinerator in the communes	Unemployment rate, proportion of foreigners and person born abroad
Results on environmental inequalities: Towns receiving incinerators had higher unemployment and immigrant rates.
[37]	Incinerators	France	National	Ecological study Multivariate analysis: Multilevel linear models with random effects	Aggregated level: communes	Total annual emissions from incinerators in communes with more than one incinerator	Proportion of unemployed people, immigrants, and persons born abroad
Results on environmental inequalities: A social gradient was observed with respect to emissions for each of the three considered socioeconomic variables.
[38]	Incinerators	France	National	Ecological study Differences in differences	Aggregated level: communes	Presence or absence of an incinerator	Unemployment rate proportion of foreigners and person born abroad
Results on environmental inequalities: Incinerators had no statistically significant effect on employment growth or net migration of the established population in the census period after they opened.
[31]	landfills	Scotland	National	Small-area study Multivariate analysis: Ordinary least squares regression and Logistic regression	Aggregated level: areas with approximately 500 persons (Continuous Areas Through Time)	Air pollution from landfills in each area modeling exposure using a landfill exposure index incorporating site specific emissions and local wind conditions	Index of multiple deprivation composed by: lack of car ownership, low occupational social class, overcrowded household, and male unemployment
Results on environmental inequalities: Exposure to municipal landfill in Scotland is concentrated amongst the most deprived areas. Environmental inequalities around municipal landfill sites in Scotland have arisen due to a combination of presiting and postsiting processes.