Table 3.
Design of evidence per benefit 1.
| Methodological Design | Physical Health (n = 46) |
Mental Health & Well-Being (n = 74) |
Education & Lifelong Learning (n = 57) |
Active Citizenship (n = 23) |
Crime Reduction (n = 11) |
Additional Benefits (n = 46) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systematic reviews & Meta-analyses | 4 (0/1) | 6 (0/2) | 1 (0/1) | 1 (0/1) | 1 (0/1) | 1 (0/0) |
| Randomized Controlled Trials | 5 (0/0) | 10 (0/0) | 4 (1/0) | - | - | 2 (0/0) |
| Case-control studies | 3 (0/0) | 14 (0/2) | 14 (0/2) | - | 2 (0/0) | 9 (0/0) |
| Longitudinal studies | 3 (0/0) | 9 (2/2) | 6 (3/1) | 2 (2/0) | 1 (1/0) | 3 (1/1) |
| Cross-sectional surveys | 11 (0/0) | 9 (1/1) | 2 (0/0) | 1 (0/0) | - | 4 (0/1) |
| Case reports & qual. evaluations | 9 (0/1) | 18 (0/2) | 20 (0/2) | 16 (0/2) | 4 (0/0) | 16 (0/1) |
| Economic evaluations | 2 (0/2) | - | - | 1 (0/1) | - | 2 (0/2) |
| Non-systematic literature review | 9 (0/3) | 8 (0/2) | 7 (0/2) | 1 (0/0) | 3 (0/1) | 6 (0/3) |
| Policy statement, theoretical paper | - | - | 3 (0/1) | 1 (0/0) | - | 3 (0/1) |
1 The number in brackets shows the number of studies that did come up through the non-systematic approach (additional studies in scientific journals/ grey literature) within the total number.