Figure 1.

Ranking of the probability for sleep stage changes to awake and S1 due to air, road, and railway noise depending on the maximum A-weighted SPL of the noise event. Note: Exposure–response relationships based on the random effects multivariable logistic regression model presented in Table 3. Assumptions: prior sleep stage = S2; elapsed sleep time = 601 (middle of the second half of the night); elapsed sleep time in the same sleep stage (before the noise event began) = 10 epochs (median); noise-free interval (between noise events) = 3.14 min (median); Tr = 5.8 dB/s (median); noise duration = 20 s (median); noise number = 55 (median); number of noises per night = 128 (median); maximum A-weighted SPL (fast time window) at the sleeper’s ear.