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. 2019 Mar 26;16(6):1073. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16061073

Table 2.

Separate models for the three studies: Random intercept multivariable logistic regression models concerning the relation of noise and the probability of sleep stage changes to awake/S1.

Variable STRAIN Study IfADo Study AIRORA Study
Coefficient p-Value Coefficient p-Value Coefficient p-Value
Intercept −6.3850 <0.001 −8.1111 <0.001 −7.7395 <0.001
Maximum SPL (aircraft) 0.0473 <0.001 0.0312 <0.001 0.0421 <0.001
Maximum SPL * road × × 0.0196 0.002 0.0203 0.001
Maximum SPL * railway × × 0.0173 0.007 0.0260 <0.001
Tr (aircraft) 0.0241 0.001 0.2545 <0.001 0.0331 0.001
Tr (road) × × −0.2958 <0.001 −0.0126 0.417
Tr (railway) × × −0.2272 0.001 −0.0292 0.065
Railway (indicator) × × −0.6031 0.054 −0.7669 0.041
Aircraft (indicator) × × −0.3934 0.213 −0.9380 0.013
Noise-free interval 0.0075 <0.001 0.0077 <0.001 0.0120 0.020
Elapsed time in sleep stage −0.0108 <0.001 −0.0022 0.034 −0.0147 <0.001
Noise duration 0.0014 <0.001 0.0019 <0.001 0.0020 <0.001
Noise number 0.0239 <0.001 −0.0013 0.543 −0.0022 0.710
Number of noise events per night −0.0041 <0.001 0.0024 0.001 −0.0002 0.870
Maximum SPL * noise number −0.0005 <0.001 −0.00004 0.305 −0.0001 0.575
Sleep stage S3 + S4 −0.8414 <0.001 −0.3752 <0.001 −0.7607 <0.001
REM sleep −0.4813 <0.001 0.0292 0.407 −0.2957 <0.001

Maximum SPL = maximum A-weighted sound pressure level (SPL) of noise events [dB] from the three major traffic noise sources aircraft, road, and railway traffic; Tr = steepest slope of the event curve as rise time of the maximum A-weighted SPL of a noise event [dB/s]; noise-free interval = noise-free interval between two noise events [min]; elapsed time in sleep stages = cumulative time that participants spent in a certain sleep stage before onset of a noise event [epochs]; noise duration = duration of a noise event [s]; noise number = current number of a noise event (noise events were counted consecutively); number of noise events per night = total number of noise events per night; sleep stage S3 + S4 = deep sleep; REM sleep = rapid eye movement sleep.