Table 2.
Associations of maternal depressive symptoms in mid-pregnancy with offspring behavioral and cognitive outcomes in mid-childhood in the Project Viva cohort (n = 1225).
| Children Developmental Outcomes | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | |||
| Behavior and executive function—Teacher-rated | |||
| BRIEF Global Executive Composite | 3.83 (1.32, 6.35) | 2.11 (−0.30, 4.52) | 2.20 (−0.21, 4.60) |
| BRIEF Behavior Regulation Index | 3.93 (1.41, 6.45) | 2.46 (0.02, 4.89) | 2.44 (0.00, 4.88) |
| BRIEF Metacognition Index | 3.26 (0.72, 5.81) | 1.59 (−0.89, 4.06) | 1.72 (−0.74, 4.18) |
| SDQ Total Difficulties | 1.79 (0.43, 3.14) | 1.27 (−0.05, 2.59) | 1.30 (−0.02, 2.62) |
| SDQ Prosocial | −0.13 (−0.64, 0.37) | −0.07 (−0.57, 0.43) | −0.07 (−0.57, 0.43) |
| SDQ Hyperactivity | 0.58 (−0.10, 1.27) | 0.38 (−0.28, 1.04) | 0.41 (−0.25, 1.07) |
| SDQ Emotional Problems | 0.48 (0.04, 0.92) | 0.42 (−0.02, 0.87) | 0.43 (−0.02, 0.87) |
| SDQ Conduct Problems | 0.44 (0.06, 0.83) | 0.24 (−0.14, 0.62) | 0.25 (−0.14, 0.63) |
| SDQ Peer Problems | 0.28 (−0.08, 0.64) | 0.23 (−0.14, 0.59) | 0.22 (−0.15, 0.59) |
| Cognition | |||
| KBIT-2 Verbal | −4.69 (−8.01, −1.36) | −0.68 (−3.61, 2.25) | −1.28 (−4.10, 1.54) |
| KBIT-2 Non-Verbal | −2.82 (−6.72, 1.09) | −1.15 (−5.01, 2.71) | −1.60 (−5.41, 2.22) |
| WRAVMA Visual–Motor | −0.61 (−4.31, 3.09) | 0.15 (−3.57, 3.88) | −0.02 (−3.75, 3.70) |
| WRAML Design Memory | −0.35 (−0.98, 0.27) | −0.15 (−0.79, 0.48) | −0.19 (−0.82, 0.43) |
| WRAML Picture Memory | 0.39 (−0.26, 1.05) | 0.54 (−0.13, 1.20) | 0.53 (−0.14, 1.20) |
| WRAML Visual Memory, Global Score | 0.04 (−0.90, 0.97) | 0.38 (−0.57, 1.33) | 0.34 (−0.61, 1.29) |
Note: Model 1 = Unadjusted; Model 2 = Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, age at enrollment, education, household income, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, and child sex; Model 3 = Model 2 additionally adjusted for maternal IQ (KBIT-2).