Table 1.

Emerging targets for antibiotic research and development, current discovery approaches, and potential sources for novel antibiotics.

Novel Targets Identified with References	Discovery Approaches	Sources
Essential amino acid biosynthesis [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]	Informatics-based mining	Medicinal plants
Cell wall lipid biosynthesis [15,16]	Cryptic Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGC) activation Antibiotic stimulation Quorum sensing signals Specific pathway inhibitors	Marine invertebrates
Lipid insertion enzymes [17]		Insect and vertebrate symbionts
Metal chelator biosynthesis [18]		Microbial co-cultures
Quorum sensing metabolism [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]	BGC engineering Special plasmids Engineered pathways Replacing native promoters	Endophytic fungi and bacteria
Clp proteases [32,33]		Uncultured microbes
Cyclic-di- Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) levels [34]		Skin, blood, venoms