Table A1.

Search parameters.

Parameter	Definition
Population	People who supply antibiotics to sick people or animals, e.g., doctors and other healthcare prescribers, drug sellers, informal doctors, pharmacists, community health workers, veterinarians, farmers, community animal health workers
Problem	Unnecessary or inappropriate use of antibiotics
Intervention	Any intervention aiming to influence the prescribing or sale of antibiotics (formal and informal), e.g., communication and education, stewardship programmes, treatment algorithms, delayed treatment, alternative treatments, incentives, pricing, packaging, legislation, peer or community oversight.
Comparison	Not applicable. The review is not limited to controlled or comparative research designs. Studies which report on interventions with or without comparison groups are included
Context	Hospital, outpatients, community, online, formal and informal systems in LMICs only.
Outcome	Primary: Measured improvement in antibiotic use (e.g., reduction in unnecessary antibiotic prescribing, improved adherence to guidelines) Other outcomes could include: Reported changes in knowledge and attitudes around antibiotic use, e.g. health outcomes (improved, unaffected, or adverse), levels of antibiotic resistance and unintended consequences