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The tail-suspension test was used to assess depression-like behavior (postoperative days 1 and 7). (A) Immobility time (POD1); and (B) immobility time (POD7). On postoperative days 1 and 7, placebo groups (PB-POD1 and PB-POD7) showed depression-like behavior compared to sham-operated mice (PA-POD1 and PA-POD7) and memantine-treated mice (M-POD1 and M-POD7), as they had higher immobility times. Data shown as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
