Table 1.
Maternal characteristics stratified by maternal fasting category
| Fasted (n = 155) | Non (n = 144) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers’ age (year) | 27.87 ± 6.51 | 27.08 ± 6.37 | P = 0.7a |
| Mothers’ education level | |||
| • Primary school | 102 (65.8%) | 67 (46.5%) | P = 0.005b |
| • Secondary school | 36 (23.2%) | 50 (34.7%) | |
| • Academic education | 16 (10.3%) | 27 (18.8%) | |
| Residency | |||
| • Erbil | 103 (66.5%) | 100 (69.4%) | P = 0.25b |
| • Suburban | 52 (33.5%) | 42 (29.2%) | |
| Maternal employment | |||
| • Not working | 138 (89%) | 112 (77.8%) | P = 0.01b |
| • Working | 17 (11%) | 30 (20.8%) | |
| Number of gravid | P = 0.42b | ||
| • 1–2 | 133 (85.8%) | 128 (88.9%) | |
| • 3–4 | 22 (14.2%) | 16 (11.1) | |
| Number of para | P = 0.27b | ||
| • 0 | 2 (1.3%) | 0 | |
| • 1 | 108 (69.7%) | 108 (75%) | |
| • 2 | 45 (29%) | 35 (25%) | |
| Number of miscarriage | P = 0.53b | ||
| • 0 | 110 (71%) | 107 (74.3%) | |
| • 1–2 | 40 (25.8%) | 35 (24.3%) | |
| • 3 | 5 (3.2%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
| Monthly income* (USD) | 383.58 ± 203.39 | 360.44 ± 184.36 | P = 0.43a |
| Mothers’ BMI (before pregnancy) | |||
| • Underweight | 4 (2.6%) | 9 (6.3%) | |
| • Normal | 84 (55.3%) | 83 (58%) | P = 0.32b |
| • Overweight | 50 (32.9%) | 42 (29.4%) | |
| • Obese | 14 (9.2%) | 9 (6.3%) | |
| • Maternal weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 10.84 ± 4.69 | 11.29 ± 3.06 | 0.009a |
| - Where does she collect information regarding Ramadan fasting in pregnancy? | |||
| • Mullah | 49 (31%) | 45 (31.2%) | P = 0.29b |
| • Relatives | 75 (48.4%) | 67 (46.5%) | |
| • Obstetrician | 13 (8.4) | 15 (10.4%) | |
| • Nurse | 0 | 4 (2.8%) | |
| • Media | 18 (11.6%) | 13 (9%) | |
| - Number of days mothers fasted | |||
| • Non | – | 144 (100%) | |
| • 1–10 days | 8 (5.16%) | – | |
| • 11–20 days | 14 (9.03%) | – | |
| • 21–29 days | 132 (85.16%) | – | |
- Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) in case of continuous variables and n (%) in case of frequencies
* Monthly income is the total family income per month, which is calculated by converting it from Iraqi Dinar (IQD) to United States Dollar (USD)
a Independent samples t-test
b Chi-square test