Table 3.

Hierarchical linear regression analysis of the relation of household, maternal, and child-related factors with Hb level (g/dL) (n = 2902)

Models	Variables		aβ (95% CI)	P
Model 1	Residence	Rural	Reference	0.799
		Urban	0.03 (− 0.20, 0.26)
	Region	Pastoral	Reference	< 0.001*
		Agrarian	0.64 (0.40, 0.88)
	Wealth category	Poor	Reference
		Middle	0.42 (0.27, 0.58)	< 0.001*
		Rich	0.48 (0.33, 0.63)	< 0.001*
	Maternal education	Illiterate	Reference
		Primary	0.00 (−0.14, 0.14)	0.977
		Secondary+	0.69 (0.23, 1.16)	0.004*
Model 2a	Water source	Unimproved	Reference	0.846
		Improved	0.01 (−0.12, 0.14)
	Maternal BMI (kg/m2)	< 18.5	Reference	0.744
		≥ 18.5	0.02 (−0.12, 0.17)
	Maternal anemia	Anemic	Reference	< 0.001*
		Not anemic	0.40 (0.26, 0.53)
	Antenatal care visits	< 4	Reference	0.567
		≥ 4	0.05 (−0.11, 0.20)
Model 3b	Child sex	Boy	Reference	0.019*
		Girl	0.16 (0.03, 0.30)
	Child age (months)	< 12	0.72 (0.57, 0.88)	< 0.001
		12–23	Reference
	Birth size	Small	Reference
		Average	0.25 (0.08, 0.42)	0.003*
		Large	0.15 (−0.03, 0.33)	0.093
	Height-for-age	< −2 Z-score	Reference	0.630
		≥ −2 Z-score	0.04 (−0.13, 0.21)
	Weight-for-age	< −2 Z-score	Reference	0.031*
		≥ −2 Z-score	0.22 (0.02, 0.42)
	Weight-for-height	< −2 Z-score	Reference	0.438
		≥ −2 Z-score	0.09 (−0.13, 0.30)
	Infectionc	No	0.18 (0.02, 0.33)	0.025*
		Yes	Reference
	Currently breastfeeding	No	Reference	0.002*
		Yes	0.28 (0.12, 0.44)
	Vitamin A supplement	No	Reference	0.021*
		Yes	0.17 (0.06, 0.28)
	MDDd	No	Reference	0.701
		Yes	0.04 (− 0.16, 0.24)
	MMFe	No	Reference	0.034*
		Yes	0.11 (0.05, 0.16)

^aModel 2: adjusted for region, wealth category, and maternal education level

^bModel 3: adjusted for region, wealth category, maternal education level, and maternal anemia

^cInfection defined as (yes, any one of history of cough, diarrhea or fever in the last two weeks preceding the survey)

^dMDD: Minimum dietary diversity (yes) when a child ate from four or more food groups

^eMMF: Minimum meal frequency (yes) when a child ate at least three and four times a day for breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding children, respectively