Table 2.
Mean difference in absolute liver attenuation (Hounsfield units [HU]) for variables of interest, overall and by HIV statusa
| Variable | Overall (n = 268) | HIV+ (n = 171) | HIV-(n = 97) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (HU) | Mean difference (HU) | Mean difference (HU) | ||||
| Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI) | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI) | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI) | |
| HIV | 5.68 (2.93, 8.43) | 5.97 (3.21, 8.73) | – | – | – | – |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Black | − 1.41 (−5.43, 2.60) | 0.06 (− 3.99, 4.11) | − 1.24 (− 6.06, 3.57) | -0.07 (−5.14, 5.28) | 0.18 (− 6.85, 7.20) | -0.38 (−7.47, 6.71) |
| Hispanic | 3.21 (−3.81,10.22) | 2.43 (− 4.32, 9.17) | 2.91 (−5.15, 10.98) | 3.58 (− 4.62, 11.78) | 2.30 (− 11.51, 16.10) | −2.03 (− 15.91, 11.85) |
| Other | 0.56 (−10.07, 11.19) | 2.16 (−7.88, 12.21) | 0.42 (− 13.25, 14.09) | 2.19 (−11.62, 16.00) | 2.82 (−13.42, 19.06) | 0.03 (− 15.27, 15.33) |
| Obese BMI | −4.59 (−7.79, −1.39) | −3.00 (−6.17, 0.18) | −2.31 (−6.86, 2.24) | −2.24 (− 7.06, 2.57) | − 4.80 (−9.18, − 0.43) | − 4.31 (−8.69, 0.07) |
| SAT area (cm2) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | – | − 0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.003) | – | − 0.02(− 0.03, − 0.007) | – |
| VAT area (cm2) | −0.03 (−0.04, − 0.01) | – | −0.02 (− 0.04, 0.008) | – | −0.03 (− 0.06, − 0.008) | – |
| Diabetes mellitusb | − 2.15 (− 5.58, 1.29) | −0.85 (−4.16, 2.47) | −2.93 (−7.24, 1.39) | −1.69 (− 6.18, 2.81) | − 0.72 (− 6.03, 4.59) | 1.03 (− 4.02, 6.09) |
| Hypertensionc | − 4.06 (−7.60, −0.53) | −1.08 (− 4.63, 2.46) | −4.21 (− 8.61, 0.18) | − 1.36 (− 6.12, 3.39) | −3.52 (− 9.08, 2.03) | −1.24 (− 7.11, 4.64) |
| Triglycerides | − 0.005 (−0.01, 0.005) | −0.006 (−0.02, 0.003) | − 0.008 (− 0.02, 0.003) | −0.008 (− 0.02, 0.004) | − 0.005 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.001 (− 0.02, 0.01) |
| Alcohol used | ||||||
| Not current | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Non-hazardous | 4.67 (0.64, 8.69) | 3.13 (−0.89, 7.14) | 3.16 (−1.66, 7.98) | 1.08 (−4.13, 6.28) | 6.96 (0.04, 13.89) | 5.51 (−1.27, 12.29) |
| Hazardous/at risk | 7.64 (2.41,12.87) | 5.76 (0.62, 10.91) | 7.76 (0.97, 14.54) | 4.32 (−2.88, 11.51) | 8.99 (1.30, 16.68) | 6.00 (−1.61, 13.62) |
| Abuse/dependence | 2.18 (−0.93, 5.30) | 1.95 (−1.07, 4.99) | 1.58 (−2.38, 5.55) | 0.99 (−3.14, 5.13) | 4.65 (−0.11, 9.41) | 2.68 (−2.15, 7.51) |
| Nadir CD4, cells/mm3 | – | – | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.007) | – | – | – |
| Current CD4, cells/mm3 | – | – | −0.0006 (−0.07, 0.006) | – | – | – |
| HIV viremia, log10 | – | – | 0.09 (−1.87, 2.06) | −0.12 (−2.13, 1.89) | – | – |
| HCV infection | −2.91 (− 5.61, −0.20) | −0.97 (−3.63, 2.24) | −4.83 (− 8.19, − 1.47) | −3.11 (−7.10, 0.88) | −0.43 (− 4.65, 3.79) | 1.66 (−2.85, 6.16) |
| FIB-4 | ||||||
| < 1.45 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 1.45–3.25 | −0.56 (−3.48, 2.35) | −0.71 (−3.63, 2.20) | −2.40 (−5.98, 1.19) | −1.09 (−4.95, 2.76) | 0.95 (−3.55, 5.45) | 0.24 (−4.56, 5.04) |
| > 3.25 | −9.73 (−14.44, −5.01) | −9.43 (− 14.15, − 4.71) | −8.49 (− 13.93, − 3.04) | − 6.07 (− 11.96, − 0.18) | −17.64 (− 26.60, − 8.69) | −18.22 (− 27.64, − 8.81) |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, FIB-4 Fibrosis-4 Index for Liver Fibrosis, HCV hepatitis C virus, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue area, VAT visceral adipose tissue area
aAbsolute liver attenuation (in HU) has a linear, inverse association with severity of hepatic steatosis by pathology (i.e., higher HU indicates less hepatic steatosis)
bDiabetes defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis, anti-diabetic medication use, or random glucose > 200 mg/dL
cHypertension defined by blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or use of anti-hypertensive medication
dAlcohol use determined by responses to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption questionnaire and alcohol dependence/abuse diagnoses