Fig. 2.

The effects of estrogen on sex differences in basal I_CaL density (a), Representative voltage-clamp protocol (shown in inset) and traces of I_CaL in male and female myocytes elicited by the voltage steps. b (left) current-voltage comparisons derived from the protocol shown in the inset in (a) for sham, male, OVX, and OVX + E2 myocytes. Peak I_CaL density is shown on the right, (n = 6–10 cells/4 mice). All presented data are mean ± S.E.M. (c and d). Estrogen modulates sex differences in basal mRNA and protein level of the L-type Ca²⁺ channel. c Comparisons of L-type Ca²⁺ channel protein levels in sham, male, OVX, and OVX + E2. (n = 3 mice). d L-type Ca²⁺ channel mRNA levels in sham, male, OVX, and OVX + E2. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M