Table 3.

A summary of studies comparing parameters of cardiac contraction between sexes

Species	Heart preparation	Contraction of female compared to male	Ca2+transient	ICaLdensity	Stimulation frequency (Hz)	Recording temperature	External Ca2+concentration	Ref.
Rat	Whole ventricular myocytes	Lower	Lower	Similar	1	37 °C	1.8 mM	[5]
Rat	Whole ventricular myocytes	Lower	Similar	Similar	2–4 Hz	37 °C	1.8 mM	[6]
Rat	left ventricle myocytes	Lower	lower	–	1 Hz	25 °C	0.5–2 mM	[40]
Rat	skinned ventricular papillary muscle fiber	Higher	–	–	0.5 Hz	Room temp.	1.5 mM	[26]
Rat	Whole ventricular tissue	Higher	–	Higher	0.8 Hz	–	1 mM	[27]
Rat	skinned atrial fibers	Higher	–	–	0.4 Hz	32 °C	1–7 mM	[28]
B6SJLF1/J mice	Whole ventricular tissue	Similar	Similar	–	2 Hz	37 °C	1 mM	[38]
Female dogs	Epicardial Cells, endocardium, mid-myocardium	–	–	Higher	2 Hz	37 °C	2 mM	[35]
Guinea-pigs	Left ventricular myocytes	–	–	Higher	0.5 Hz	37 °C	1 mM	[36]
Rabbit	Base left ventricular myocytes	–	–	Higher	5 Hz		2.5 mM	[32]