Table 1.

Summary of sex-related differences in Siah2KO adipose tissue

Siah2KO phenotype	Females (compared to WT and HFD unless otherwise noted)	Males (compared to WT and HFD unless otherwise noted)
Body composition
Baseline fat mass (WT and KO)	Higher than males	Lower than females
Rate of gonadal fat mass gain (WT)	Lower than males	Higher than females
Rate of gonadal fat mass gain (KO)	Higher than males	Lower than females
Fat mass gain in BAT	Higher	Lower
BAT relative to body weight (WT and KO)	Higher than males	Lower than females
Adipocyte size	Larger	Larger
Percent fat mass at 4 months	Higher than males	Lower than females
Body weight, LFD	Higher	Higher
Body weight, HFD	Attenuated vs. WT	Higher
Biochemical measurements
Glucose tolerance	Tolerant	Tolerant23
Insulin tolerance	Tolerant	Tolerant23
Fasting glucose	Unchanged	Lower23
Fasting insulin, LFD	Higher	Unchanged23
Fasting insulin, HFD	Unchanged	Lower23
Circulating free fatty acids	Unchanged (LFD), lower (HFD)	Lower23 (LFD and HFD)
Circulating triglycerides	Unchanged	Lower23
Inflammation and fibrosis markers in gWAT
Crown-like structures	Fewer	Fewer
Adipose fibrosis	Lower	Lower
Macrophage marker (F4/80, CD68, CD11b)	No change	Lower23
M1-macrophage marker (CD11c)	Lower	Lower23
M2-macrophage marker (Ym1, Arg1, IL4)	Higher	Higher (Arg1)23
Pro-inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL6, Ccl2, Ccr2)	Unchanged	Lower23
Pai-1, Saa3 gene expression	Unchanged	Lower23
Gdf3 gene expression	Lower	Lower23
Thermogenesis markers in BAT
ER-α/ERR-γ gene expression	Higher	No change
ER-α/ERR-γ protein expression	Lower	No change
PCG1α, Dio2, Ucp1 gene expression	Higher	No change
PCG1α, Dio2, Ucp1 protein expression	Higher	No change

BAT brown adipose tissue, gWAT gonadal white adipose tissue, LFD low-fat diet, HFD high-fat diet, KO Siah2 global knockout, WT wild-type

²³Data reported in reference [23]