Table 1.

Effects of extracellular CytC on different cell types and signaling mechanisms activated in the target cells.

Target cell/tissue	Effects	Signaling receptor	Signaling pathway
Murine splenocytes	Release of IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-2, and MCP-1 [44]
Primary human lymphocytes	Induction of apoptosis [45]
Murine CD8+ dendritic cells	Induction of apoptosis [46]
Differentiated human promyelocytic HL-60 cells	Priming the NADPH oxidase-dependent respiratory burst leading to increased ROS production [47]	TLR4, but not RAGE, blockade decreases ROS release [47]
Murine BV-2 microglial cells	Enhanced secretion of NO from cells activated by IFN-γ [47]		Inhibition of JNK, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 MAPK, pathways decreases NO secretion [47]
Human THP-1 monocytic cells	Costimulation with LPS induces cytotoxicity towards human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells [47]
Murine knee joint	Enhanced neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in synovial fluid leading to histopathological and clinical signs of rheumatoid arthritis [44]