Table 1.

Intestinal permeability and inflammation measured in urine, faeces, and serum samples at three time points during the study.

	Probiotic group (n=13)			Placebo group (n=12)
	Week 0	Week 6	Week 12	Week 0	Week 6	Week 12
Urinary sucrose excretion (μmol)	17.8 ± 15.2	31.2 ± 23.8	25.4 ± 18.3	17.6 ± 11.4	21.3 ± 28.3	22.1 ± 28.3
Urinary L/R ratio	0.02 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.04	0.05 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.03
Urinary S/E 5–24 h ratio	0.04 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02
Urinary S/E 24 h ratio	0.04 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01
Serum zonulin (ng/mL)	58.3 ± 25.7	50.0 ± 17.4	49.6 ± 23.6	51.0 ± 22.2	45.8 ± 9.7	51.8 ± 17.9
Faecal zonulin (ng/mL)	95.6 ± 52.3	113.1 ± 69.1	89.6 ± 64.7	91.0 ± 53.3	127.1 ± 100.9	118.4 ± 91.9
C-reactive protein (n > 3 mg/mL)	2/13	0/13	2/13	1/12	2/12	1/12
IFNγ (pg/mL)	11.5 ± 7.0	17.4 ± 15.3	42.2 ± 42.5	8.4 ± 4.9	12.7 ± 8.8	19.3 ± 9.4
IL-10 (pg/mL)	0.5 ± 0.7	0.4 ± 0.7	0.4 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 1.4	0.3 ± 0.1
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.8 ± 0.8	0.7 ± 0.6	0.8 ± 0.5	0.7 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.4
TNFα (pg/mL)	2.2 ± 0.8	2.2 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.6	2.3 ± 0.6	2.0 ± 0.4
Calprotectin (µg/g)	17.0	11.0	21.0	46.0	65.5	56.0

L/R: lactulose/rhamnose ratio; S/E: sucralose/erythritol ratio. No significant differences between time periods or between groups were found. All values are in mean ± SD except for CRP (fraction) and calprotectin (median).