Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Characteristic | Overall | Rural |
Nonrural |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor* (2.7%) | Nonpoor (12.2%) | Poor (13.7%) | Nonpoor (71.3%) | ||
| Overall poverty | 15.7 (14.7–16.7) | ||||
| Age, yr† | 58.4 (58.3–58.6) | 58.9 (58.3–59.7) | 60.2 (59.8–60.6) | 57.7 (57.3–58.0) | 58.2 (58.1–58.4) |
| Male sex | 47.4 (46.9–47.8) | 45.7 (43.6–47.8) | 47.4 (46.1–48.6) | 46.1 (45.0–47.1) | 47.7 (47.1–48.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 71.6 (70.9–72.2) | 72.9 (67.5–77.6) | 89.2 (87.1–91.0) | 38.9 (36.5–41.5) | 74.8 (74.1–75.5) |
| Black | 10.9 (10.5–11.4) | 17.3 (13.5–21.9) | 4.7 (3.5–6.2) | 28.7 (26.7–30.8) | 8.3 (7.8–8.8) |
| Hispanic | 11.7 (11.3–12.1) | 5.5 (3.8–7.8) | 3.9 (3.0–5.2) | 27.4 (25.6–29.4) | 10.2 (9.8–10.7) |
| Asian | 5.1 (4.8–5.3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 3.8 (3.3–4.4) | 6.1 (5.8–6.4) |
| Region | |||||
| Northeast | 18.6 (18.1–19.3) | 5.2 (2.7–9.4) | 11.2 (7.7–16.1) | 17.3 (14.9–19.9) | 20.7 (19.6–21.9) |
| Midwest | 22.4 (21.7–23.0) | 14.9 (10.3–21.0) | 39.3 (34.2–44.8) | 18.1 (15.7–20.8) | 20.5 (19.4–21.7) |
| South | 37.1 (36.3–38.0) | 70.1 (62.8–76.6) | 36.2 (30.5–42.2) | 39.6 (36.5–42.8) | 35.6 (34.1–37.1) |
| West | 21.9 (21.2–22.3) | 9.8 (6.2–15.3) | 13.3 (10.3–16.9) | 25.1 (22.3–28.0) | 23.2 (22.2–24.3) |
| Smoking characteristics | |||||
| Ever-smokers | 43.9 (43.4–44.4) | 50.7 (47.8–53.5) | 49.5 (48.1–51.0) | 46.5 (45.1–47.8) | 42.2 (41.6–42.9) |
| Years smoked (smokers)† | 27.7 (27.5–27.9) | 30.5 (29.8–31.2) | 29.5 (28.9–30.1) | 30.2 (29.7–30.7) | 26.7 (26.4–27.0) |
| Prominent fuel type used in each census tract | |||||
| Coal | 0.1 (0.09–0.14) | 0.5 (0.1–0.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.09 (0.07–0.11) |
| Wood | 2.2 (2.04–2.45) | 5.6 (3.3–7.8) | 7.3 (6.2–8.5) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 1.60 (1.4–1.7) |
| Insurance status | |||||
| Private insurance | 49.3 (48.6–49.9) | 34.5 (31.3–37.8) | 41.9 (40.0–43.8) | 34.4 (33.0–35.7) | 53.9 (53.2–54.7) |
| No insurance | 9.85 (9.55–10.2) | 13.3 (11.7–15.1) | 9.84 (9.00–10.7) | 17.9 (17.0–18.9) | 8.17 (7.84–8.53) |
| Medicare | 24.0 (25.5–24.5) | 28.2 (25.5–30.1) | 31.1 (30.0–32.3) | 21.4 (20.3–22.5) | 24.5 (23.9–25.1) |
| Medicaid | 6.86 (6.59–7.14) | 14.5 (12.1–18.5) | 7.04 (6.24–7.94) | 15.8 (14.8–16.9) | 4.81 (4.51–5.12) |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 13.9 (13.5–14.3) | 27.1 (24.5–30.0) | 15.7 (14.6–16.9) | 28.5 (27.2–29.8) | 10.3 (9.79–10.7) |
| Home ownership status | |||||
| Owns home | 76.2 (75.6–76.8) | 73.0 (69.3–76.4) | 82.8 (81.5–84.0) | 54.8 (53.0–56.6) | 79.3 (78.5–80.0) |
| COPD prevalence | 8.4 (8.1–8.7) | 15.7 (14.0–17.7) | 12.0 (11.1–13.0) | 10.1 (9.4–10.9) | 7.1 (6.9–7.5) |
Definition of abbreviation: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Data are given as percentages (95% confidence intervals) unless otherwise indicated.
*
“Poor” was defined as ≥20% of households living below the poverty line.
†
Means (95% confidence intervals).