Table 3.

Predictors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among Current or Former Smokers versus Never-Smokers^*

	Current or Former Smokers			Never-Smokers
	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P Value	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P Value
Urban–rural status
Urban	Reference
Suburban	0.96	0.85–1.10	0.61	0.96	0.80–1.15	0.68
Medium metro	1.03	0.90–1.18	0.64	1.01	0.84–1.20	0.94
Small metro	1.06	0.90–1.25	0.49	1.05	0.84–1.32	0.66
Rural	1.19	1.02–1.39	0.031	1.34	1.09–1.63	<0.001
Census-level poverty
Community poverty	1.13	1.02–1.26	0.028	1.10	0.95–1.29	0.20
Regions
Northeast	Reference
Midwest	1.14	0.98–1.32	0.079	1.33	1.08–1.64	0.007
South	1.20	1.06–1.37	0.005	1.41	1.16–1.72	0.001
West	0.97	0.84–1.12	0.65	1.09	0.88–1.35	0.41
Community fuel use†
Wood	0.99	0.99–1.00	0.23	1.00	0.99–1.01	0.70
Coal	1.00	0.93–1.06	0.93	1.09	1.05–1.13	<0.001
Household poverty‡	1.07	1.05–1.10	<0.001	1.08	1.05–1.11	<0.001

Definition of abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.

Bold values are statistically significant.

^*Adjusted for urban–rural status, community wealth, region, census-level occupational distribution, census-level fuel use, race, age, sex, home ownership, education, and insurance type.

^†Per 1% increase in census tract residents using this fuel type as their primary source of heating.

^‡Per one-unit decrease in household income-to-poverty ratio.