Table 3. Baseline assessment: clinician-administered assessment tools and self-reports.
| Violent group (N = 126) | Controls (N = 121) | Test* | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| BPRS-E | ||||||
| Affect-Anxiety | 11.17 | 4.11 | 10.70 | 4.19 | –0.73 | 0.463 |
| Activation | 11.67 | 4.75 | 9.55 | 3.09 | –3.81 | <0.001 |
| Negative Symptoms | 5.48 | 3.15 | 5.26 | 2.72 | –0.57 | 0.572 |
| Psychotic Symptoms | 12.38 | 5.47 | 10.88 | 3.50 | –1.16 | 0.247 |
| Total score | 41.01 | 11.75 | 36.85 | 8.89 | –2.43 | 0.015 |
| SLOF | ||||||
| Physical functioning | 24.13 | 1.44 | 24.25 | 1.34 | 0.83 | 0.406 |
| Self-care | 33.24 | 3.14 | 33.37 | 3.12 | 0.44 | 0.663 |
| Interpersonal relationships | 23.90 | 5.94 | 24.93 | 5.63 | 1.46 | 0.143 |
| Social acceptability/adjustment | 23.69 | 4.03 | 26.96 | 2.70 | 6.81 | <0.001 |
| Activities | 48.51 | 7.39 | 49.80 | 6.02 | 1.03 | 0.303 |
| Work skills | 21.51 | 6.57 | 23.16 | 6.11 | 1.91 | 0.056 |
| BGLHA | ||||||
| Total score | 40.38 | 12.44 | 33.59 | 9.68 | –3.91 | <0.001 |
| BIS-11 | ||||||
| Attentional impulsiveness | 15.40 | 4.32 | 14.51 | 3.80 | –1.47 | 0.142 |
| Motor impulsiveness | 22.64 | 4.86 | 21.37 | 4.55 | –1.85 | 0.064 |
| Non-planning impulsiveness | 27.21 | 5.38 | 26.42 | 5.38 | –1.21 | 0.228 |
| Total score | 64.81 | 11.56 | 62.10 | 10.41 | –1.62 | 0.105 |
| BDHI | ||||||
| Assault | 4.58 | 2.61 | 4.43 | 2.45 | 0.17 | 0.683 |
| Indirect aggression | 4.62 | 2.25 | 4.56 | 1.73 | 0.05 | 0.822 |
| Irritability | 4.11 | 2.60 | 4.00 | 2.29 | 0.09 | 0.759 |
| Negativism | 2.63 | 1.57 | 2.31 | 1.54 | 2.02 | 0.157 |
| Resentment | 3.90 | 1.98 | 3.89 | 2.35 | 0.00 | 0.976 |
| Suspicion | 4.13 | 2.38 | 4.28 | 2.62 | 0.15 | 0.702 |
| Verbal aggression | 6.61 | 2.82 | 6.25 | 2.49 | 0.82 | 0.367 |
| Guilt | 4.88 | 2.33 | 4.36 | 2.33 | 2.26 | 0.135 |
| Total score | 35.58 | 14.58 | 34.62 | 12.57 | 0.19 | 0.665 |
| STAXI-2 | ||||||
| State anger | 33.44 | 200.23 | 31.47 | 17.68 | –0.29 | 0.770 |
| Feeling angry | 24.48 | 23.79 | 25.67 | 23.39 | –0.10 | 0.919 |
| Feel like expressing anger verbally | 24.58 | 24.46 | 24.42 | 21.88 | –0.23 | 0.818 |
| Feel like expressing anger physically | 23.32 | 23.44 | 23.73 | 22.26 | –0.04 | 0.969 |
| Trait anger | 32.97 | 19.42 | 29.07 | 16.02 | –1.29 | 0.197 |
| Angry temperament | 25.42 | 23.82 | 23.87 | 21.12 | –1.43 | 0.153 |
| Angry reaction | 25.38 | 23.34 | 23.14 | 19.14 | –0.72 | 0.474 |
| Anger expression-out | 30.14 | 20.99 | 26.17 | 16.41 | –1.74 | 0.083 |
| Anger expression-in | 30.93 | 19.96 | 31.77 | 19.14 | 0.15 | 0.878 |
| Anger control-out | 27.91 | 13.61 | 33.00 | 15.37 | 2.72 | 0.006 |
| Anger control-in | 31.20 | 15.47 | 35.05 | 16.63 | 2.06 | 0.040 |
| Anger expression index | 46.45 | 16.83 | 39.91 | 15.15 | –2.84 | 0.005 |
BDHI = Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory; BGLHA = Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BPRS-E = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; SLOF = Specific Levels Of Functioning; STAXI-2 = Scale State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2.
* Mann-Whitney test for BPRS-E, SLOF, BGLHA, BIS, STAXI-2; ANOVA for BDHI.