Table 4. Predictors of aggressive and violent behavior: generalized linear models (GLMs) with interaction effect between variables and groups (all sample), and corresponding GLMs for the two groups.
| All sample | Case patients group | Control group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | AIC | βcases | βcontrols | |
| Total MOAS | ||||
| BDHI Negativism | 0.039 | 1195.3 | 0.81** | 1.08 |
| SLOF Social acceptability/adjustment | <0.001 | 1521.0 | 0.92** | 0.75** |
| BPRS-E Total Score | 0.019 | 1547.3 | 1.01 | 1.06** |
| Lifetime misuse of substances (No vs Yes) | <0.001 | 1554.5 | 0.91 | 0.18** |
| Time spent doing nothing | 0.008 | 1570.1 | 0.51** | 1.43 |
| BPRS-E Activation | 0.001 | 1575.5 | 1.05** | 1.23** |
| Age | 0.014 | 1576.7 | 0.98** | 0.94** |
| Primary diagnosis | 0.023 | 1578.4 | # | # |
| Familiarity with psychiatric illness (Yes vs No) | 0.063 | 1583.8 | 1.60** | 0.81 |
| Comorbidity with alcohol/substances misuse | 0.028 | 1588.9 | # | # |
| Illness duration | 0.005 | 1592.3 | 1.00 | 0.95** |
| Misuse of alcohol in the last 12 months (No vs Yes) | 0.003 | 1593.3 | 1.04 | 0.33** |
| MOAS verbal aggression | ||||
| SLOF Social acceptability/adjustment | 0.002 | 1272.0 | 0.91** | 0.77** |
| BPRS-E Total Score | 0.018 | 1295.6 | 1.01 | 1.06** |
| Lifetime misuse of substances (No vs Yes) | <0.001 | 1307.1 | 0.89 | 0.25** |
| BPRS-E Activation | 0.008 | 1321.5 | 1.06** | 1.19** |
| Age | 0.011 | 1329.5 | 0.99 | 0.95** |
| Misuse of alcohol in the last 12 months (No vs Yes) | 0.003 | 1332.9 | 0.95 | 0.31** |
| Comorbidity with alcohol/substances misuse | 0.038 | 1334.3 | $ | $ |
| BPRS-E Psychotic Symptoms | 0.046 | 1334.8 | 1.00 | 1.09** |
| Illness duration | 0.023 | 1339.1 | 1.00 | 0.96** |
| MOAS aggression against objects | ||||
| SLOF Social acceptability/adjustment | 0.012 | 700.5 | 0.89** | 0.71** |
| Lifetime misuse of substances (No vs Yes) | 0.001 | 707.4 | 1.40 | 0.16** |
| Illness duration | 0.047 | 720.3 | 0.99 | 0.92** |
| Time spent doing nothing | 0.023 | 721.1 | 0.59 | 3.00* |
| Misuse of alcohol in the last 12 months (No vs Yes) | 0.056 | 722.8 | 0.90 | 0.24** |
| MOAS self-aggression | ||||
| BDHI Indirect Aggression | 0.025 | 246,5 | 0.98 | 1.99** |
| STAXI Feel like expressing anger physically | 0.036 | 339,7 | 1.03** | 0.97 |
| STAXI Feeling angry | 0.035 | 340,3 | 1.03** | 0.97 |
| STAXI Feel like expressing anger verbally | 0.048 | 340,6 | 1.03** | 0.97 |
| STAXI Anger control-in | 0.045 | 340,9 | 1.04** | 0.97 |
| Familiarity with psychiatric illness (Yes vs No) | 0.005 | 360,3 | 4.67** | 0.12** |
| Occupation (Yes vs No) | 0.014 | 361,3 | 5.96** | 0.34 |
| MOAS physical aggression | ||||
| BDHI Total Score | 0.036 | 325.7 | 0.98 | 1.11* |
| STAXI Anger Expression Index | 0.046 | 510.0 | 1.00 | 1.06** |
| Lifetime misuse of substances (No vs Yes) | 0.001 | 549.1 | 0.91 | 0.03** |
| Age of first contact with DMHs | 0.001 | 553.3 | 0.97 | 0.71** |
| SLOF Social acceptability/adjustment | 0.012 | 556.5 | 0.99 | 0.69** |
| Misuse of alcohol in the last 12 months (No vs Yes) | 0.039 | 563.8 | 0.53 | 0.06** |
| BPRS-E Activation | 0.017 | 566.2 | 1.05 | 1.40** |
| Primary diagnosis | 0.024 | 568.0 | £ | £ |
| Time spent doing nothing | 0.051 | 568.2 | 0.31** | 2.02 |
| Illness duration | 0.029 | 570.3 | 1.03 | 0.92* |
BDHI = Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory; BPRS-E = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; MOAS = Modified Overt Aggression Scale; SLOF = Specific Levels of Functioning; STAXI-2 = Scale State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2.
p value: significance of the interaction term; AIC: Akaike Information Criterion of the GLM; βcases βcontrols: estimates of the variable effect in the two groups separately.
* Tendency towards significance (p≤0.1) of the beta coefficient
** Significance (p<0.05) of the β coefficient.
# Among cases, patients with a personality disorder are more violent than other diagnostic groups (p<0.048); among controls, patients with personality disorders are more violent than patients with schizophrenia (p<0.001). Among cases, there are no significant differences between patients with and without comorbidity of alcohol/substance abuse. Among controls, patients with a comorbidity of alcohol/substance abuse are more violent than patients who do not use alcohol and substances.
$ Among cases, there are no significant differences in verbal aggression between patients with and without comorbidity of alcohol/substance abuse. Among controls, patients with a comorbidity of alcohol/substance abuse are more verbally violent than patients who do not use alcohol and substances.
£ Among cases, there are no significant differences among different diagnostic groups; among controls, patients with personality disorders are more violent than patients with schizophrenia (p<0.047).