Figure 3.

3D bioprinting of tunable and perfusable double-layered constructs with MCCES. A) Schematic illustration of tuning of layers of a hollow fiber (between single and double layers at regular intervals) with MCCES during a 3D bioprinting process. B) Fluorescence confocal microscopy images showing dynamic conversion between single and double-layered hollow tubes during the bioprinting process (scale bar: 1 cm). C,D) Simulation of 150 scanned layers showing dynamic conversion from double-layered to single-layered hollow tube with clear and gradual demarcation of single-and double-layered regions of the hollow tube. E) Dynamic changing of intensity of green and red signals at demarcation of single and double-layered regions of the hollow tube. F) Perfusion of the bioprinted hollow fiber with continuous single and double-layered walls at regular intervals.