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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018 Apr 26;62(10):e1700932. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700932

Figure. 7. Schematic diagram of mechanisms linking butyrate to epigenetic modifications of colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.

Figure. 7.

Butyrate upregulates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which thereafter increases the contents of their metabolites, acetyl-CoA, and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), respectively. α-KG promotes DNA demethylation in the promoter of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, as indicated by the conversion of 5mC to 5hmC. Acetyl-CoA enhances the histone acetylation in colorectal cancer cells. Histone acetylation and DNA demethylation jointly promote MMR protein expression, thereby suppressing colorectal carcinogenesis.