Table 1:
Sex differences in the response to both childhood and adult virus vaccines
| Dependent measure | Vaccine1 | Sex difference | Age of study population2 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate of vaccination | TIV and LAIV | F > M | Adults | (16) |
| M > F | Adults | (17) | ||
| F = M | All ages | (18) | ||
| MMR | F = M | Infants/toddlers | (27) | |
| Rate of seroconversion | HAV/HBV | F = M | Adults | (39) |
| F = M | Elderly adults | (53) | ||
| Humoral/antibody response | TIV | F > M | Adults | (19, 20, 138) |
| F > M | Elderly adults | (21, 139, 140) | ||
| 17DV | F > M | Adults | (11) | |
| BERNA-YF, RKI-YF, ARILVAX, YF-VAX | M > F | Adults | (12, 13) | |
| AP-YF, 17DD | F = M | Adults | (13, 14) | |
| RA27/3 | M > F | After puberty | (32) | |
| Schwarz | F > M | Adults | (141) | |
| MMR | F = M | Before puberty | (31) | |
| F = M | After puberty | (142) | ||
| F > M | After puberty | (29, 137) | ||
| HPV4 | M > F | Before and during puberty | (143) | |
| HAV | F > M | Adults | (39–43) | |
| HBV | F > M | Infants-puberty | (44, 45) | |
| HBV | F > M | Adults | (46–48, 51) | |
| HAV/HBV | F > M | Adults | (49, 50) | |
| HSV-2 gD | F > M | Adults | (55, 144) | |
| HDCV, PCECV | F > M | Adults | (145, 146) | |
| Dryvax | F > M | Adults | (147) | |
| attenuated Dengue virus | F > M | Adults | (148) | |
| attenuated VEE virus | M > F | Adults | (149) | |
| Cell-mediated immunity | MMR | F = M | After puberty | (137, 142) |
| RA27/3 | M > F | After puberty | (32) | |
| HSV-2 gD | F > M | Adults | (57) | |
| Adverse reaction | TIV | F > M | Adults | (20, 22, 23) |
| Elderly adults | (21, 24, 150) | |||
| 17D | F > M | Adults | (8) | |
| MMR | F > M | Infants/toddlers | (34) | |
| M > F | Infants/toddlers | (35) | ||
| F > M | Before puberty | (33) | ||
| attenuated JE virus | F > M | Adults | (151) | |
| Mortality | Edmonston-Zagreb | F > M | Infants/toddlers | (36) |
TIV and LAIV protect against influenza virus infection; MMR protects against measles, mumps, and rubella; 17-DV, 17-DD, BERNA-YF, RKI-YF, AP-YF, ARILVAX, and YF-VAX protect against yellow fever virus; RA27/3 protects against rubella; HDCV and PCECV protect against rabies virus; Schwartz and Edmonston-Zagreb protect against measles; HPV4 protects against human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18; HSV-2 gD protects against herpes virus type 2; Dryvax protects against smallpox; VEE= Venezuelan equine encephalitis; JE = Japanese encephalitis.
Infants/toddlers = 6–59 months of age; children before puberty = 5–10 years of age; children after puberty = 10–17 years of age; adults = ≥ 18 years of age; elderly = ≥ 65 years of age