Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| References | Design | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Outcome analyzed | Method of outcome identification | N | Males | Age (mean) | Adjusted for |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hezode et al. [ 16] | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort | HCV, liver biopsy specimen, single HCV risk factor identifcation, | Other forms of liver disease, concomitant hepatitis B, HIV, immunosuppression, ongoing use of illicit drugs other than marijuana, previous antiviral treatment | Liver steatosis, fibrosis prevalence | METAVIR scoring system | 270 | 186 | 43.2 | Age, sex, BMI, source of contamination, alcohol, HCV genotype, duration of HCV, tobacco, methadone use |
| Hezode et al. [17] | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort | HCV, liver biopsy specimen, available fasting glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol level | Concomitant hepatitis B, HIV, immunosuppression, ongoing use of illicit drugs other than marijuana, previously treated for chronic hepatitis C | Liver steatosis, fibrosis prevalence | METAVIR scoring system | 315 | 223 | 45.1 | Age, sex, BMI, source of contamination, alcohol, serum HCV RNA load, tobacco, methadone use |
| Ishida et al. [29] | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort | Age> 18 years, English speaking, detectable HCV RNA | History of HCV treatment > 3 months, other chronic liver disease | Liver steatosis, fibrosis prevalence | METAVIR scoring system | 204 | 140 | 46.8 | Age, race, HCV viral load/genotype, HIV status, duration of HCV, BMI, alcohol use, cannabis prescription |
| Brunett et al. [28] | Prospective study | Age >16, HIV and HCV coinfection. | Age< 16, HIV negatrve status, HCV negative status, ESLD | Liver fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV coinfection | APRI scores | 690 | 503 | 44 | Age, sex, income, alcohol use, injection drug use, BMI, duration of infection |
| Liu et al. [32] | Retrospective case-control study | Marijuana use, liver bopsy, HCV RNA | NR | Fibrosis stage on liver biopsy | Batts Ludwig system stages F0-F4 on liver biopsy | 377 | 145 | 43.9 | Age, weight, HCV RNA/genotype, sex, ALT, HIV coinfection, race, immigrant status, i.v. drug use history, alcohol use |
| Kelly et al. [31] | Prospective study | WIHS cohort of HIV/HCV coinfection | Cirrhosis at time of enrollment | Risk of progression to advanced fibrosis | FIB-4 values and APRI outcomes | 575 | 0 | 40 | Age, ethnicity, race, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, tobacco, i.v. drug use, alcohol use, HCV genotype, CD4, HIV/HCV VL |
| Adejumo et al. [27] | Retrospective cross-sectional study | Age 18–90 years, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Alcohol use | Prevalence of NAFLD | HCUP-NIS database, ICD-9-CM codes | 5 950391 | NR | NR | Age, sex, diabetes, alcohol use, race, median income, BMI, HLD, HTN |
| Kim et al. [30], NHANES (2005–2014) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NR | Significant alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, nonavailability of BMI, serum aminotransferase, platelet count | Prevalence of NAFLD | Suspected NAFLD using sex based ALT elevations > 30 for men > 19 for women | 14 080 | 7040 | 39.6 | Age, sex, BMI, HTN, Diabetes, ethnicity, tobacco, education, economic status, cholesterol |
| Kim et al. [30], NHANES III | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NR | Pregnancy, viral hepatitis, iron overload, significant alcohol consumption, missing hepatic UU or data (ALT, AST, BMI) | Prevalence of NAFLD | US diagnosed steatosis | 8286 | 4143 | 37.6 | Age, sex, BMI, KTN, diabetes, ethnicity, tobacco, education, economic status, cholesterol, cocaine use |
| Nordmann et al. [33] | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort | Age > 18 years, chronic HIV-HCV coinfection, written informed consent. | No self-administered questionnaires data on can nabis use | Prevalence of steatosis | US | 838 | NR | 44.9 | BMI, alcohol, current or lifetime use of lamivudina/zidovusine, tobacco use |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APRI, AST to platelet ratio index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ESLD, end-stage liver disease; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HTN, hypertension; i.v., intravenous; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NR, not reported; ULT, Ultrasonography; US, ultrasound; VL, viral load.