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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: West J Nurs Res. 2018 Oct 26;41(5):650–666. doi: 10.1177/0193945918807898

Table 1.

Participant Surrogate Decision Maker Characteristics

Variables IS
 INVOLVE
n(%) n(%)
Gender
 Female 34 (72) 36 (72)
 Male 13 (28) 14 (28)
Race/Ethnicity
 White 36 (77) 37 (74)
 Non-White 11 (23) 13 (26)
Relationship to Patient
 Spouse 19 (40) 19 (38)
 Adult Child 13 (28) 19 (38)
 Sibling 7 (15) 5 (10)
 Power of Attorney 3 (6) 3 (6)
 Other 7 (11) 4 (8)
Education
 High School or Less 20 (43) 11 (22)
 1-4 Years of College 23 (49) 26 (52)
 Graduate Studies 4 (8) 13 (26)
Annual Household Income
 Less than $50,000 29 (62) 14 (28)
 More than $50,000 18 (38) 36 (72)