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. 2019 Apr 16;10:1773. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09859-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Sex-specific rate variation in plumage colour evolution across the Tyrannida phylogeny. a, b Plots showing the Tyrannida phylogeny (n = 372 spp.) coloured by estimates of mean relative multivariate rate of plumage colour evolution based on ten body patches for males (a) and females (b). Coloured shapes show the location of significant (posterior probability > 0.99) rate shifts affecting whole clades (triangles) and individual internal branches (circles) (shape colour reflects rate estimate; see Methods for details). Histograms (inset) show the rate distribution for each tree. c Relationship between (log₁₀ transformed) male and female rates of plumage colour evolution (TR_ES values) across species. Phylogenetic reduced major axis regression (solid) and one-to-one (dashed) lines shown. Equation of the regression line: y = 0.10 + 1.15*x (R² = 0.45), which is significantly different to a one-to-one slope (T = 3.69, d.f. = 304.08, P = < 0.001)