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. 2019 Apr 10;10:299. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00299

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Copyright © 2019 Goudot, Mirault, Bruneval, Soulat, Pernot and Messas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different histological features observed in aortas of BAV patients (A–C) and the normal aorta (D): (A) Fragmentation and loss of the elastin fibers (limited to 1 or 2 lamellar units; mild grade) (Elastic stain; Original X10). (B) Inter-lamellar degeneration with mucoid replacement (MEMA) (H&E stain; Original X10). (C) Moderate loss of nuclei of vascular smooth muscle cells (involving 4 to 10 lamellar units; area between arrows) (H&E stain; Original X10). (D) Normal ascending thoracic aorta. The media shows no mucoid accumulation in the extracellular matrix or loss of smooth muscle cells (H&E stain; Original X10).