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. 2019 Apr 16;9:6112. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42669-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Enhanced cell proliferation under hypoxic conditions is mediated by metabolic regulation. (a) Cell numbers after growth under hypoxic or normoxic conditions. *p < 0.05 compared to the normoxia group at each passage; n = 4 per group. (b) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression after culture under hypoxic conditions. (c) Expression of genes related to glycolysis (GLUT1, HK2 and LDHA) and oxidative phosphorylation (PDK2, IDH1 and SDHA) after culture under hypoxic conditions. *p < 0.05 compared to the normoxia group at each passage; n = 4 per group. (d) Cell metabolism signaling protein expression after hypoxia treatment. (e) Expression of cyclin proteins following culture under hypoxic conditions. For all studies, ‘hypoxic conditions’ refers to incubation at 1% O₂ for 72 hrs.