Table 1.
Smoking Outcome at Adult Follow-up
| ADHD | LNCG | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | B | p value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Daily Smokers in the Past Yeara | 168 (35.8%) | 42 (17.5%) | 0.95 | <.001 | 2.57 (1.73–3.83) |
| Smoking about a Half Pack or More Daily in the Past Yearb | 123 (73.2%) | 26 (61.9%) | 0.47 | .22 | 1.60 (0.75–3.41) |
| Smoking about a Pack or More Daily in the Past Yearb | 60 (35.7%) | 12 (28.6%) | 0.20 | .63 | 1.22 (0.55–2.68) |
| FTND (moderate-to-high dependence)c | 42 (26.4%) | 8 (20.0%) | 0.40 | .38 | 1.49 (0.62–3.59) |
| ≥1 Quit Attemptd | 217 (75.9%) | 58 (63.7%) | 0.62 | .019 | 1.87 (1.11–3.15) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F | p value | d | |
| Time to First Cigarettee | 2.42 (1.06) | 2.88 (1.02) | 4.02 | .046 | .45 |
| Withdrawal Symptomsf | |||||
| Craving | 2.38 (1.18) | 2.07 (1.12) | 5.87 | .016 | .28 |
| Difficulty Concentrating | 1.91 (1.12) | 1.58 (0.96) | 8.06 | .005 | .34 |
| Restlessness | 2.03 (1.19) | 1.54 (0.91) | 18.10 | <.001 | .54 |
FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. All analyses excluded 31 LNCG participants diagnosed with ADHD at baseline. Cohen’s d = difference between group means divided by LNCG SD.
aADHD n = 469, LNCG n = 240. There is a difference of n = 1 between the samples analyzed for this report and in Molina et al.23 due to different selection of variables across the analyses; this resulted in slightly different percentages for daily smoking (35.8% vs. 35.9% in Molina et al.).
bADHD n = 168, LNCG n = 42. These analyses were among to daily smokers in the past year only. See Supplement B for analyses of smoking quantity among the full sample.
cADHD n = 159, LNCG n = 40. Participants were instructed to complete the FTND only if they were “currently a daily smoker.”
dADHD n = 286, LNCG n = 91. These analyses were among those who ever smoked at least weekly.
eADHD n = 158, LNCG n = 40. A lower score on this FTND item indicates a faster time to first cigarette (ie, 1 = within first 5 min, 2 = 6–30 min, 3 = 31–60 min, 4 = after 60 min). The absolute value of the d statistic is reported for this finding.
fADHD n = 300, LNCG n = 108. The same pattern of results emerged when analyses were repeated among those who ever smoked at least weekly.