Table 2.
Latent Growth Model Results Predicting Level and Rates of Change in Daily Smoking Among Participants With ADHD Histories From the 2- Through 16-Year Follow-ups
| B | SE | |
|---|---|---|
| Time-varying effect of ADHD symptom severity, 12 to 16 years | .457* | .090 |
| Rate of change in symptom-smoking relation from 2 to 12 yearsa | .039† | .021 |
| Effects on predicted base rate of daily smoking at 16-year follow-up (mean age 25)b | ||
| Femalec | −.335* | .146 |
| Raced | ||
| Black | −.847* | .329 |
| Other | −.759* | .324 |
| CD/ODD | .022 | .107 |
| Household advantage | −.520* | .144 |
| Household disadvantage | .604* | .182 |
| Rate of change in daily smoking from Years 2–12 (Piece 1 Slope) | .197* | .024 |
| Race | ||
| Black | .059* | .024 |
| Other | −.025 | .035 |
| CD/ODD | −.085* | .014 |
| Rate of change in daily smoking from Years 12–16 (Piece 2 Slope) | .023 | .017 |
| Female | −.085* | .031 |
B = Probit regression coefficient (represents unit change in the expected value of a continuous, latent propensity to be a daily smoker on a cumulative standard normal distribution); SE = Standard Error; Analyses were also conducted controlling for Site and Site × ADHD symptom interactions, which did not produce any effects. *p < .05. †p = .062. aBaseline association (null) between symptom severity and daily smoking at 2 years: B = .072, SE = .19. bIntercept (predicted base rate) of daily smoking at 16-year follow-up: B = −.378 (p < .05), SE = .175, prob = .35. cNegative value indicates women are less likely to be daily smokers (Female = 1, Male = 0). dDummy coded: Black (Black = 1, All other = 0), Other (Hispanic, other, and mixed ethnicity = 1, All other = 0). The reference category is White.
CD/ODD (Comorbid CD or ODD diagnosis in childhood=1, No comorbidity=0