Table 2. Protective effects of Nigella sativa and its constituent thymoquinone against some antibiotics residue toxicity in different tissues .
| Food Toxins | Food Source | Targets | Treatment Conditions | Main Findings | Ref. |
| OTC | Milk - meat | Hematotoxicity | In vivo, Pigeons black seed: level of 2.5% with OTC | Black seed completely blocked the elicited effects by OTC. | 45 |
| hepato-renal toxicity |
In vivo, rabbits N. sativa oil and ascorbic acid |
Protective role of NSO against the toxic effects of OTC by their free radical scavenging and strong antioxidant activities | 46 | ||
| Nephrotoxicity |
In vivo rats N. sativa oil: 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mL/kg/d |
N. sativa may be useful in ameliorating signs of GEM nephrotoxicity in rats | 47 | ||
| GEM | Milk - meat | Nephrotoxicity |
In vivo rats N. sativa: 0.2 -0.4 mL/kg |
N. sativa prevents the toxic effects of GEM on the biochemical and histopathological parameters. | 48 |
|
In vivo, rabbit, Nigella oil: 2 mL and vitamin C: 250 mg |
Decreasing oxidative stress and ability to prevent the energy decline in kidney tissues. | 49 |
Abbreviations: OTC, oxytetracyclin; GEM, gentamicin; NSO, Nigella sativa oil.