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. 2019 Feb 15;47(7):e40. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz072

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Scheme 1. — Schematic diagram of multi-dimensional regulation for fine-tuning gene expression. (I) Promoter with desired strength was generated by promoter shuffling to control target gene expression at the transcriptional level. (II) The effects of molecular chaperones on target protein folding were interrogated by dCas9-ω based CRISPR-activation system, and the expression of functional molecular chaperones were specifically enhanced by dCas9-ω to improve target protein folding. (III) Extracellular proteases were individually inhibited by dCas9-ω mediated CRISPR-interference system, and proteases exhibited degradative activities on target protein were simultaneously repressed.