Figure 2.

The effect of modafinil on learning and memory of sleep deprived (SD) mice tested in the Morris water maze. (a) Escape latency of mice in hidden platform test for five consecutive days. (b) Escape latency of mice in the fourth day of hidden platform test. (c) Escape latency of mice in the fifth day of hidden platform test. (d) Frequency of crossing the platform of mice after 24‐hr sleep deprivation. (e) Time spent in target quadrant after 24‐hr sleep deprivation. (f) Frequency of crossing the platform of mice after 48‐hr sleep deprivation. (g) Time spent in target quadrant after 48‐hr sleep deprivation. (h) Representative swimming tracks of mice after sleep deprivation for 48 hr. All data presented are means ± SEM; N = 10 mice per group. *P < 0.05, significantly different from control; ^# P < 0.05, significantly different from SD group