Table 1.
Identified volatile biomarkers of lung cancer through breath (Chronological order).
| Year | First Author | Sample Size | Biomarker | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung Cancer | Control | |||
| 1985 | Gordon [21] | 12 | 17 | acetone, 2-butanone, n-propanol |
| 1988 | O’Neill [36] | 8 | 0 | hexane, 2-methylpentane, trimethyl heptane, isoprene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cumene, trimethyl benzene, alkylbenzene, styrene, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, propanal, acetone, 2-butanone, phenol, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, nonanal, ethyl propanoate, methyl isobutanoate, dichloromethane, dichlorobenzene, trichloroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, tetrachloroethylene |
| 1999 | Philips [25] | 60 | 48 | styrene, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, 2-methylheptane, decane, n-propylbenzene undecane, methyl cyclopentane, 1-methyl-2-pentylcyclopropane, trichlorofluoromethane, benzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, isoprene, 3-methyloctane, 1-hexene, 3-methylnonane, 1-heptene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, 2,4-dimethylheptane, hexanal, cyclohexane, 1-methylethenylbenzene, heptanal |
| 2003 | Philips [26] | 178 | 102 | butane, 3-methyltridecane, 7-methyltridecane, 4-methylctane,3-methylhexane, heptane, 2-methylhexane, pentane, 5-methyldecane |
| 2005 | Poli [37] | 36 | 85 | 2-methylpentane, pentane, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzene, toluene, benzene, heptane, decane, styrene, octane, pentamethyl heptane |
| 2007 | Philips [27] | 193 | 211 | 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol tributyrate, ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate, 2-methyl- propanoic acid, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl ester, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz-(b,f)-azepine, 2,5-2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 1,1-oxybi-benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-furan, 2,2-diethyl-1,1-biphenyl, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, trans-caryophyllene, 2,3-dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene, 1-propanol, 4-methyl-decane, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene |
| 2007 | Wehinger [38] | 17 | 170 | formaldehyde, isopropanol |
| 2009 | Bajtarevic [24] | 220 | 441 | isoprene, acetone, methanol, 2-butanone, benzaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, 1-propanol |
| 2010 | Fuchs [28] | 12 | 12 | pentanal, hexanal, octanal, nonanal |
| 2010 | Peng [39] | 30 | 22 | p-cymene, toluene, dodecane, 3,3-dimethylpentane, 2,3,4-trimethylhexane, (1-phenyl-1-butenyl)benzene 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1-iodononane, [(1,1-dimethylethyl) thiol]acetic acid, 4-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-4′-cyano[1,1′-biphenyl]4-yl ester benzoic acid, 2-amino-5-isopropyl-8-methyl-1-azulenecarbonitrile, 5-(2-methylpropyl)nonane, 2,3,4-trimethyldecane, 6-ethyl-3-octanyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate, p-xylene, and 2,2-dimethyldecane |
| 2010 | Song [40] | 43 | 41 | 1-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone |
| 2010 | Kischkel [41] | 31 | 31 | isoprene, acetone, 2-butanone, cyclohexanone, dimethyl sulfide, acetonitrile, ethanol, isopropanol, acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, 2-propenal, 2-butenal, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, 2-methylbutane, 2-methylpropanal, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, 3,3-dimethylpentane, 2-methylhexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, carbon disulfide, dimethyl formamide, 2,5-dimethylfuran, 1-propanol |
| 2011 | Rudnicka [42] | 23 | 30 | propane, carbon disulfide, 2-propenal, ethylbenzene, isopropyl alcohol |
| 2011 | Ulanowska [43] | 134 | 143 | ethanol, acetone, butane, dimethyl sulfide, isoprene, propanal, 1-propanol, 2-pentanone, furan, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, pentanal, hexanal, nonane |
| 2012 | Peled [44] | 53 | 19 | 1-octene |
| 2012 | Wang [45] | 88 | 85 | 2,4,6-trimethyloctane, 2-methyldodecane, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, 8-methylheptadecane, 2-heptadecanone, nonadecane, eicosane |
| 2012 | Buszewski [46] | 29 | 44 | butanal, ethyl acetate, 2-pentanone, ethylbenzene, 1-propanol, 2-propanol |
| 2014 | Handa [23] | 50 | 39 | 3-methyldodecane, 1-butanol, 2-methylbutylacetate/2-hexanol/nonanal cyclohexanone, isopropylamine, ethylbenzene, hexanal, cyclohexanone, heptanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol |
| 2014 | Wang [29] | 18 | 0 | caprolactam, propanoic acid |
| 2014 | Zou [47] | 79 | 38 | 2-methyl-5-propylnonane, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,6,11-trimethyl-dodecane, hexadecanal, 8-hexylpentadecane |
| 2015 | Capuano [48] | 20 | 10 | ethanol, 2-butanone, thiophene, 4-heptanone, butanoic acid, , acetic acid, cyclohexanone, 2,2,-dimethyl-hexanal, 1,1-diethoxy-3-methylbutane; 1-(1-ethoxyethoxy)-pentane, 2,2,6-trimethyloctane, 2-ehtyl-1-hexanol, undecane, thymol, 2-methyl-1-decanol, 3,7-dimethyl- decane, |
| 2015 | Corradi [49] | 71 | 67 | pentane, 2-methylpentane, hexane, benzene, ethylbenzene, trimethylbenzene, heptane, pentamethyl heptane, toluene, total xylenes, styrene, propanal, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2-heptenal, trans-2-nonenal |
| 2016 | Monila [30] | 68 | 60 | p-cresol, eicosenamide, 1-hexadecylindane and cumyl alcohol |
| 2016 | Schallschmidt [50] | 37 | 23 | propanal, butanal, decanal, butanal, 2-butanone, ethylbenzene |
| 2017 | Sakumura [51] | 107 | 29 | hydrogen cyanide, methanol, acetonitrile, isoprene, 1-propanol |