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. 2019 Mar 22;9(3):113. doi: 10.3390/biom9030113

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metformin blunted autophagy induction in both Caki-1 and Caki-2 renal cancer cells. (A) Western blot analysis of LC3-II in Caki-1 and Caki-2 cells incubated in the absence (control) or presence of metformin (2, 5 and 10 mM). Images are representative of three independent experiments per group. (B) Histograms represent pooled densitometry data normalized to β-actin expressed as the percentage of control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Results of autophagy assessment by flow cytometry analysis using a Cyto-ID^® are shown for (C) Caki-1 and (D) Caki-2 cells. (C,D) Histograms represent pooled data from three independent experiments per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.001; and *** P < 0.0001 vs. control.