Table 1.

List of Ser/Thr kinases discussed in this review.

Kinase	Abbreviation	Proline-Directed	Activator
cAMP-dependent protein kinase	PKA	no	–
MT-affinity-regulating kinases	MARK1–4	no	–
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2	ERK2	yes	MEK ${}^{\mathrm{a}}$
glycogen-synthase kinase 3$\mathsf{\beta }$	GSK3$\mathsf{\beta }$	yes	–
cyclin dependent kinase 5	CDK5	yes	p35, p39
c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1	JNK1	yes	–
stress-activated protein kinase 4	SAPK4/p38$\mathsf{\delta }$	yes	–

${}^{\mathrm{a}}$ MAPK/ERK kinase (also known as itogen-activated protein kinase kinase).