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. 2019 Mar 16;11(3):376. doi: 10.3390/cancers11030376

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chemoresistance pathways involving Cl⁻ channels. Cl⁻ channels can modulate the sensitivity to different chemotherapies by inhibiting the AVD or by modulating the prosurvival pathways and the drugs availabilities. The dashed line separates two virtual cells presenting either reduction activity of Cl⁻ channels (left part) or an upregulation of Cl⁻ channels (right part). MDR1: Multidrug Resistance 1; VRAC: Volume Regulated Chloride Channel; AVD: Apoptosis Volume Decrease; HER2: Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2; MRP1: Multidrug associated Resistance Protein 1; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor.