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. 2019 Mar 20;8(3):262. doi: 10.3390/cells8030262

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Extracellular immunoproteasomes enhance human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) migration more than standard proteasomes through the processing of OPN-FL and OPN-C. (A) Images of migrated HUVECs (stained by crystal violet) treated with OPN-FL ± 20S standard- or immuno-proteasomes in a representative Boyden chamber migration assay of 8–17 independent experiments. (B) Effect of OPNs (OPN-FL, OPN-N, and OPN-C) ± 20S standard- or immuno-proteasomes, and VEGF-α as positive control, on the HUVEC chemotaxis. Values are the percentage of treated versus untreated cells that migrated after 3 h and are the mean and SD of independent experiments (n = 8–17). Wilcoxon tests for paired samples p < 0.05 are shown. (C) Chemotactic indices for OPNs and their derived fragments generated by standard- and immuno-proteasomes, respectively. Chemotactic indices are estimated from cell migration experiments with HUVECs.