Table 2.

The characterization information on the sensors from the final eligible papers.

No	Authors	Determined Compounds	Sensor	Method of Detection	Limit of Detection	Selectivity	Sensitivity
1	Ye et al. [16]	Glucose	CuO nanoneedle/graphene/carbon nanofiber modified glassy carbon electrode	Amperometric detection	912.7 A·mM−1·cm−2	N/A †	N/A
2	Li et al. [17]	Glucose	Electrochemical sensor using anodized cupric oxide nanowires	Electrochemical detection	0.3/μM	N/A	2217.4/μA·cm−2 mM−1
3	Wang et al. [18]	Glucose	Core-shell IrO2@NiO nanowires	Electrochemical detection	0.31 μM	N/A	1539.0 μA·mM−1·cm−2
4	Du et al. [2]	Glucose	Screen-printed sensor chip	Amperometric detection	1.1–45 mg/dL	N/A	N/A
5	Arakawa et al. [19]	Glucose	Mouthguard glucose sensor	Electrochemical detection	5 mmol/L	N/A	N/A
6	Soni et al. [20]	Glucose	Paper based sensor and smartphone RGB analysis	Colorimetric evaluation using an RGB sensor	24.6 mg/dL	N/A	0.0012 pixels s−1/mg·dL−1
7	Dominguez et al. [21]	Glucose	Spectrophotometric detection	Colorimetric evaluation using an RGB sensor	0.17 mg/dL	N/A	N/A
8	Anderson et al. [22]	Glucose	Colloidal AgNPs/MoS2-based nonenzymatic glucose biosensor	Electrochemical detection	0.03 μM	N/A	9044.6 μA·mM−1·cm−2
9	Bell et al. [23]	Glucose	Randomly oriented CuO nanowire networks	Amperometric detection	0.05 mM Glucose (Gl) at +0.6 V	N/A	0.1 nA/mM Gl in the 0–7 mM Gl range and 2.1 nA/mM Gl above 7 mM Gl
10	Velmurugan et al. [24]	Glucose	CuO modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE)	Electrochemical detection	0.1 μM	N/A	308.71 μA·mM−1 cm−2
11	Kim et al. [25]	Glucose	Molecularly imprinted polymer binding on a conducting polymer layer	Potentiometric measurements	1.9 (±0.15) × 10−7 M	N/A	N/A
12	Dutta et al. [26]	Glucose	Methylene blue, hydrazine and platinum nanoparticles	Oxidation current measurements	2.2 pg/mL	N/A	N/A
13	Santana-Jiménez et al. [27]	Glucose	Paper-based sensors	Naked-eye detection	47 μM	N/A	1.81 A.U./mg
14	Mitchell et al. [28]	Cortisol	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor	Surface plasmon resonance	49 pg/mL	N/A	162 RU.mL/ng
15	Pires et al. [29]	Cortisol	Chemiluminescent organic-based immunosensor	Organic photodetection	80 pg/mL	N/A	685 pg/mL
16	Usha et al. [30]	Cortisol	Lossy mode resonance-based fiber optic	Fiber optic real-time detection	25.9 fg/ml	N/A	N/A
17	Frasconi et al. [31]	Cortisol and cortisone	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor	Surface plasmon resonance	Cortisol: 4 μg·L−1 Cortisone: 10 μg·L−1	N/A	N/A
18	Ballesta Claver et al. [32]	Blood lactate	Electrochemiluminescent biosensor	Electrochemiluminescence detection	N/A	N/A	N/A
19	Kim et al. [33]	Uric acid	Screen-printing technology on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate	Potentiometric measurements	N/A	350 μM	1.08 μA/mM
20	Ciui et al. [34]	N-epsilon (carboxymethyl)lysine (CML)	Cavitas electrochemical sensor in mouthguard	Electrochemical detection	0.81 μM	N/A	N/A
21	Lee et al. [35]	Salivary proteins	Molecularly imprinted thin films	Quartz crystal microbalance detection	0.1 mg/mL	N/A	N/A
22	Attia et al. [36]	Salivary proteins	Nano-optical sensor	Spectrofluorimetric detection	5.7 × 10−1 mol/L−1	N/A	N/A
23	Mohseni et al. [37]	Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9)	Carboxymethyldextran hydrogel sensor chip with immobilized monoclonal MMP-9 antibodies	Surface plasmon resonance	8 pg/mL	N/A	High (recovery rate of ~94%)
24	Ritzer et al. [38]	Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-9)	Diagnostic chewing gum	Peptide sensors	N/A	N/A	N/A
25	Wang et al. [39]	Human serum albumin	Homogeneous fluorescent sensor	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer	3.9 ng/mL	N/A	N/A
26	Gorodkiewicz et al. [40]	Cystatin	Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRI) biosensor	Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging	0.1 μg/mL	N/A	N/A
27	Gorodkiewicz et al. [41]	Cathepsin D (CatD) and cathepsin E (CatE)	Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) biosensor	Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging	0.12 ng mL−1	N/A	N/A
28	Gorodkiewicz et al. [42]	Cathepsin G	Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) biosensor	Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging	0.23 ng/mL	N/A	High (recovery rate of 100%)
29	Wei et al. [43]	IL-8 mRNA and IL-8 protein	Electrochemical (EC) sensor	Electrochemical detection	IL-8 mRNA −3.9 fM and IL-8 protein: 7.4 pg/mL	~90%	~90%
30	Majidi et al. [44]	Tryptophan	Two ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor and aptasensor	Electrochemical detection and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy	MWCNT-AuSPE: 3.6 × 10−10 mol L−1 and Apt-MWCNT-AuSPE: 4.9 × 10−12 mol L−1	N/A	N/A
31	Puchnin et al. [45]	Potassium iodine (KI)	Calixarene tubes	Ion-selective field effect detection	~3×10−8 M	N/A	N/A
32	Minami et al. [46]	Nitrate	Organic field-effect transistors	Organic field-effect detection	45 ppb	N/A	High (recovery rate of 97.4 ± 1.8%)
33	Hassan et al. [47]	Thiocyanate	Potentiometric membrane sensor	Potentiometric measurements	5.6 × 10−6 mol/L	N/A	−57.5 ± 0.5 mV decade−1
34	Zheng et al. [1]	Silver and mercury	Sandwich-structured SERS probe with a gold nanohole array pattern	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection	0.17 nM of Silver 2.3 pM of Mercury	N/A	N/A
35	Timofeeva et al. [48]	Caffeine	PVC membrane electrode	Flow potentiometric measurements	1.2 mg−1L	N/A	52 ± 1 mV dec−1
36	Zilberman et al. [49]	Ammonia and carbon dioxide	Portable optoelectronic microfluidic sensor	Optoelectronic detection	N/A		N/A
37	Ahmed et al. [50]	Pathogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus pyogenes)	Impedimetric sensors	Impedance-based electrochemical measurements	N/A	High (4% charge transfer resistance)	N/A
38	Wignarajah et al. [51]	Pathogenic microorganisms (Porphyromonas gingivalis proteases)	Multiplex colorimetric biosensor	Colorimetric detection	HNE: 1 pg/mL Cathepsin G: 100 fg/mL	N/A	N/A
39	Hoyos-Nogués et al. [52]	Pathogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus sanguinis)	Peptide-based biosensor (hLf1-11)	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy	8.6 × 102 CFU·mL−1	N/A	3.85 ± 1.3 kΩ per bacteria concentration decade
40	Xue et al. [53]	Pathogenic microorganisms (detection of viral antibodies)	Immunoassay utilizing microchannels within a multicapillary glass plate	Fluorescence detection	0.05 ng/mL	N/A	High (recovery ratio between 93.7%–112.2%)
41	Jin et al. [54]	Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)	Microfluidic system (SLIM)	Isothermal optical detection	N/A	N/A	78.6%
42	Zaitouna et al. [55]	Anti-HIV antibodies	Electrochemical peptide-based sensor enhanced with extra amino acids	Electrochemical detection	1 nM	N/A	Selectivity factor: 7.8
43	Song et al. [56]	Cyfra 21-1	3DN-CNTs sensor	Fluorescence detection	0.5 ng/mL	N/A	N/A
44	Chen et al. [57]	c-erbB-2 oncogene tumor marker	Fluorescent biosensor	Fluorescence detection	20 fM	High (discrimination factor ~ 1)	RSD = 1.46% (n = 8)
45	Cho et al. [58]	Vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF165)	Surface-enhanced fluorescent optical sensor	Fluorescence detection	25 pg/mL	N/A	N/A
46	Yu et al. [59]	Carcinoembryonic antigen	Capillary-based 3D fluoroimmunosensor	Fluorescence detection	0.2 ng/mL	N/A	High (recovery ratio between 92.82%–118.81)
47	Machini et al. [60]	Acetazolamide	Electrochemical sensor using binuclear oxo-manganese complex	Electrochemical detection	4.76 × 10−9 mol L−1	N/A	N/A
48	Yu et al. [61]	Ampicillin	Electrochemical aptamer-based sensor (E-AB)	Electrochemical aptamer detection	ACV: 1 μ MSWV: 30 μM	N/A	N/A
49	Hagen et al. [62]	Orexin A	Electronic based (FET) biosensor	Field-effect detection	sub-picomolar levels	N/A	N/A

^† N/A = non-applicable/not available information.