Table 1.
Summary of net effect of decreased sanitation (presence of food or presence of more food compared to none or less) on the efficacy of a variety of IPM tactics to management stored product insects in food facilities. Effects are denoted as negative (−), positive (+), neutral (0), or mixed (−/+).
| Type of Control | Tactic | Decreased Sanitation Impact on Efficacy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | ||||||
| Effect Direction | n | Avg. Fold-Δ 1 | ± | SE | Effect Direction 2 | ||
| Chemical Control | − | 1240 | 8.5 | ± | 0.39 | − | |
| Fumigation | − | 67 | 15.7 | ± | 2.04 | − | |
| Grain Protectants | − | 100 | 1.3 | ± | 0.18 | − | |
| Aerosols | − | 389 | 2.8 | ± | 0.19 | − | |
| Residual Treatments | − | 656 | 10.5 | ± | 0.56 | − | |
| Modified Atmospheres | − | 28 | 1.1 | ± | 0.11 | − | |
| Physical/Cultural | − | 294 | 17.1 | ± | 1.76 | − | |
| Heat Treatment | − | 73 | 13.6 | ± | 4.35 | − | |
| Grain Chilling/Aeration | + | 132 | 31.5 | ± | 2.48 | − | |
| Passive Methods (packaging) | − | 64 | 1.6 | ± | 0.07 | − | |
| Active Methods (DE, inert dusts) | − | 25 | 3.5 | ± | 1.33 | − | |
| Biological Control | + | 113 | 6.8 | ± | 1.8 | −/+ | |
| Behaviorally-Based | 0/− | na 3 | na | 0/− | |||
| Mating Disruption | 0 | na | na | − | |||
| Stimuli-Based Monitoring | −/+ | na | na | −/+ | |||
1 Average fold-change in efficacy of the tactic in the presence of food relative to less or no food. 2 Hypothesized indirect effects based on prior literature. 3 Not applicable because no data are available; direction of direct effects and indirect effects is hypothesized.