Table 3.
Distance to care, demographic and clinical characteristics of DC Cohort participants residing in clusters of low retention-in-care (RIC), low viral suppression (VS) and high VS in Washington, DC 2014-2015.
| Participants residing in cluster of neighboring ZIP-codes with low RIC N=3,623 |
Participants residing in cluster of neighboring ZIP-codes with low VS N=2,568 |
Participants residing in cluster of neighboring ZIP-codes with high VS N=2,568 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In cluster | Not in cluster | p-value | In cluster | Not in cluster | p-value | In cluster | Not in cluster | p-value | |
| 45 (1.2) | 3,578 (98.8) | 811 (31.6) | 1,757 (68.4) | 32 (1.2) | 2,536 (98.8) | ||||
| Distance ≥5 miles | |||||||||
| No | 45 (100) | 3,128 (87.4) | <0.01 | 743 (92.4) | 1,576 (90.0) | <0.05 | 31 (96.9) | 2,288 (90.7) | 0.22 |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 450 (12.6) | 61 (7.6) | 176 (10.0) | 1 (3.1) | 236 (9.3) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 0.6 (0.2, 2.3) | 3.1 (1.6, 4.5) | <.0001 | 3.2 (2.5, 4.5) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.0) | <.0001 | 2.1 (0.6, .0) | 2.8 (1.6, 4.2) | <0.01 |
| Retained | 29 (64.4) | 2,609 (72.4) | 0.18 | 843 (74.1) | 1,808 (72.8) | 0.40 | NA | NA | NA |
| VS | 26 (57.8) | 1,955 (54.6) | 0.67 | 585 (72.1) | 1,396 (79.5) | <0.0001 | 30 (96.8) | 1,951 (84.6) | 0.06 |
| Age as of June 2015 | |||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 52 (47-61) | 50 (40-57) | 0.12 | 51 (43-58) | 51 (42-58) | 0.83 | 51 (42, 58) | 53 (44, 62) | <0.001 |
| Sex at birth | |||||||||
| Male | 42 (93.3) | 2,467 (68.9) | <0.001 | 523 (64.5) | 1,284 (73.1) | <0.001 | 30 (93.7) | 1,777 (70.1) | <0.01 |
| Female | 3 (6.7) | 1.111 (31.1) | 288 (35.5) | 473 (26.9) | 2 (6.3) | 759 (29.9) | |||
| Race/ethnicity3 | |||||||||
| Hispanic | 4 (8.9) | 147 (4.1) | <.0001 | 15 (1.8) | 99 (5.6) | <.0001 | 4 (12.5) | 110 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
| NH Black | 9 (20.0) | 2,969 (83.0) | 752 (92.7) | 1,397 (79.5) | 12 (37.5) | 2,137 (84.3) | |||
| NH White | 28 (62.2) | 406 (11.3) | 37 (4.6) | 232 (13.2) | 15 (46.9) | 254 (10.0) | |||
| Other/Unknown | 4 (8.9) | 56 (1.6) | 7 (0.9) | 29 (1.7) | 1 (3.1) | 35 (1.4) | |||
| Housing | |||||||||
| Permanent | 42 (93.3) | 2,765 (77.3) | 0.04 | 615 (75.8) | 1,335 (76.0) | 0.99 | 26 (81.2) | 1,924 (75.9) | 0.51 |
| Homeless/Unstable | 1 (2.2) | 367 (10.3) | 89 (11.0) | 194 (11.0) | 4 (12.5) | 279 (11.0) | |||
| Other/Unknown | 2 (4.4) | 446 (12.5) | 107 (13.2) | 228 (13.0) | 2 (6.3) | 333 (13.1) | |||
| Employment status4 | |||||||||
| Employed | 21 (46.7) | 829 (23.2) | <.001 | 131 (16.2) | 355 (20.2) | <.0001 | 8 (25.0) | 478 (18.9) | 0.23 |
| Unemployed | 5 (11.1) | 1,218 (34.0) | 317 (39.1) | 523 (29.8) | 6 (18.7) | 834 (32.9) | |||
| Other | 19 (42.2) | 1,531 (42.8) | 363 (44.8) | 878 (50.0) | 18 (56.3) | 1,224 (48.3) | |||
| HIV Risk5 | |||||||||
| MSM | 35 (77.8) | 1,727 (48.3) | <0.101 | 315 (38.8) | 916 (52.1) | <.0001 | 24 (75.0) | 1,207 (47.6) | <0.01 |
| IDU | 3 (6.7) | 600 (16.8) | 185 (22.8) | 185 (22.8) | 2 (6.3) | 752 (29.7) | |||
| Heterosexual | 6 (13.3) | 1,093 (30.5) | 278 (34.3) | 476 (27.1) | 4 (12.5) | 475 (18.8) | |||
| Other/unknown | 1 (2.2) | 158 (4.4) | 33 (4.1) | 71 (4.0) | 2 (6.2) | 99 (3.9) | |||
| Primary insurance type6 | |||||||||
| Private | 27 (55.6) | 733 (20.5) | <.0001 | 99 (12.2) | 302 (17.2) | <0.001 | 13 (40.6) | 388 (15.3) | <0.001 |
| Public | 19 (42.2) | 2,655 (74.2) | 679 (83.7) | 1,355 (77.1) | 19 (59.4) | 2,015 (79.5) | |||
| Other/Unknown | 1 (2.2) | 190 (5.3) | 33 (4.1) | 100 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 133 (5.2) | |||
| Clinic type | |||||||||
| Hospital | 30 (66.7) | 1,437 (40.2) | <0.001 | 237 (29.2) | 549 (31.2) | 0.30 | 16 (50) | 770 (30.4) | <0.05 |
| Community | 14 (33.3) | 2,141 (59.8) | 574 (70.8) | 1,207 (68.8) | 16 (50) | 1,766 (69.6) | |||
| Primary care at site | |||||||||
| Yes | 27 (60.0) | 2,761 (78.2) | <0.01 | 695 (86.9) | 1,495 (86.0) | 0.54 | 25 (78.1) | 2,165 (86.4) | 0.18 |
| No | 18 (40.0) | 768 (21.8) | 105 (13.1) | 244 (14.0) | 7 (21.9) | 342 (13.6) | |||
| History of AIDS | |||||||||
| Yes | 23 (51.1) | 2,236 (62.5) | 0.12 | 520 (64.1) | 1,123 (63.9) | 0.92 | 21 (65.6) | 1,622 (65.6) | 0.85 |
| No | 22 (48.9) | 1,342 (37.5) | 291 (35.9) | 634 (36.1) | 11 (34.4) | 914 (34.4) | |||
NOTE: NH=non-Hispanic; MSM = men who have sex with men; IDU = injection drug user; IQR = interquartile range. P-values were computed using Pearson (goodness of fit) χ2statistics for categorical variables and using t-tests for equal variances for continuous variables. For all tests, p-values were considered statistically significant at the 0.05 alpha level.
RIC was defined as evidence of ≥ 2 HIV-related clinical encounters and/or HIV-related labs ≥90 days apart in 12 months.
Viral suppression (VS) was defined as viral load <200 copies/mL at last visit among those retained in care and prescribed antiretroviral therapy.
Other race groups include those belonging to more than race group and unknown.
Other includes retired, student, disabled, termination of student, unknown, and other.
MSM risk includes persons identified as having both MSM and IDU risk.
Primary insurance type was either public (Medicare, Medicaid, Ryan White/ADAP, or DC Alliance) or private (commercial payer).