Fig. 5.

Meta-analysis for the difference in relative abundances of gut bacterial taxa between male vs. female infants ≤6 months of age. a: Phylum level: heatmap of log (odds ratio) (log (OR)) of relative abundances of all gut bacterial phyla between male vs. female infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates across all studies with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). b: Genus level: heatmap of log (OR) of relative abundances of all gut bacterial genera between male vs. female infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates across all studies with 95% CI. All log (OR) estimates of each bacterial taxa from each study were from Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) with beta zero inflated family (BEZI) and were adjusted for feeding status and age of infants at sample collection. Pooled log (OR) estimates and 95% CI (forest plot) were from random effect meta-analysis models with inverse variance weighting and DerSimonian–Laird estimator for between-study variance based on the adjusted log (OR) estimates and corresponding standard errors of all included studies. Bacterial taxa with p-values for differential relative abundances < 0.05 are denoted with * and those with p-values < 0.0001 are denoted with **. Pooled log (OR) estimates with pooled p-values< 0.05 are in red and those with false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted pooled p-values < 0.1 are shown as triangles. Missing (unavailable) values are in white. USA: United States of America; CA: California; FL: Florida; NC: North Carolina